Di mkul 22 abril ssemɣaran Ikurdiyen mani mma llan (di Turkiya, Iran, Lɛiraq d Suriya) d dyaspura s wass n tɣemsa takurdit minzi deg wass-nni i d-iffeɣ ujurnal akurdi amezwaru deg useggʷas n 1898.
Teclex taɣemsa takurdit deg waṭṭas n ibeddilen i yeqqnen ɣer ubeddel n lḥal asertan di tmura-nnsen. Wami bdan ikurdiyen ad fesren tira-nnsen s tutlayin-nniḍen manaya yejj-iten ad sfesyen afares-nnsen imxarres di tdelsiwin-nniḍen, s uya i teɛḍel ad tban taɣemsa i itterran taynit i Ikurdiyen d tɣawsiwin-nnsen tinamurin, maci am yegduden-nniḍen ameknaw Aɛraben, Iraniyen d Itrukiyen.
Rni x manaya, ḍfarent tinbaḍin i ttuɣa yeṭṭfent leḥkam di tmura mani ila llan Ikurdiyen tasertit n tagit x tseqqar n Ikurdiyen jarkter di Turkiya i ttuɣa iḍfaren tasertit n ustrek, tedwel Turkiya tesbana-d aṭṭas aferdis aturki maca tessanaf min ggin yegduden-nniḍen ameknaw Ikurdiyen d Arminiyen.
Twacunt tabaderxanit
Taɣemsa takurdit teẓra tfawt n tudert di Lqahira deg useggʷas n 1898 wami ttuɣa iḥekkem Lxeddiwi Ɛebbas Ḥilmi (Wis sebɛa zi wi iḥekmen x Misra zi twacunt n Muḥemmed Ɛali Baca).
Yessufeɣ-d ageldun Miqdad Midḥat Baderxan, mmi-s n twacunt tabaderxanit, ajurnal n “Kurdistan”, twacunt-a i ttuɣa iḥekmen tagzirt n Buṭan, i yeccaten iẓuran-nnes ar aseggʷas n 1260, ameggaru-nnsen d Baderxan Baca i iḥekmen ddewla-ya ar 1847, mani tameggarut-nnes ila tella x ufus n mmi-s n ɛziz-s Yazdan Cir i yeggin taḍa aked Iɛutmaniyen maḥend ad qḍan x ddewla-ya.
Zegga qḍan x leḥkam n Ibaderxaniyen, ssiggʷjen-ten merra, ssersen ca zzag-sen maḥend ad ten-sezdɣen s bezzez deg Istanul, ca zeg yegmamen n twacunt errin-ten d iḍliben di tmura mani ttuɣa tḥekkem ddewla taɛutmanit ameknaw tagzirt n Krit, Dimaceq d Ɛekka.
Wami wwḍen Ikamaliyen maḥend ad ḥekmen di Turkiya deg useggʷas n 1922, tessufeɣ-d tanbaḍt Taturkit n jjdid ca n lḥukem ḥma ad nɣen ca zeg Ibaderxaniyen, zeɛma minzi tettahem-iten ila xsen ad bḍan x ddewla taturkit, zzag-sen Amin Ɛali Baderxan d tarwa-nnes (Turiyya, Celadet, Kamiran, Safdar d Tufiq), s uyenni rewlen s kulci ɣer berra i Turkiya msebḍan x waṭṭas n tmura.
Isafer Amin Ɛali d mmi-s ameqqran Turiyya ɣer Misra maca Gladat d Tufiq d Safdar raḥen ɣer Suriya zi senni ɣer Uliman.
Angaz d amezruyan
Zi Lqahira, issufeɣ-d Meqdad Midḥat Baderxan (uma-s n Amin Ɛali) ajurnal n “Kurdistan” s tkurdit, s wawal akermanji, i yettwasxdmen s waṭṭas di Turkiya d Suriya d Lɛiraq d Iran, d wawal Asurani i yettwasxedmen di Iran d Lɛiraq.
Meqdad ttuɣa yessen ila aɣnas maḥend ad naweḍ ɣer tseqqar, wer yeqqin ca ɣer imseksiten maca yeqqen ɣer usfaqqi n wefrak jer tarwa n wegdud-nnes d amezwaru, ad semlussnen s izerfan-nnsen, deg yiger-a i d-yusa akumasi n ujurnal n Kurdistan am ijjen usurif i d-yusin deg yiger-a mani ttuɣa srekkʷalen ajurnal-a ɣer Turkiya x webrid n Suriya.
Mayemmi Lqahira?
Minzi Misra deg umeggaru n lqern 19, ttuɣa day-s ijjen unhezzi d adelsan d ameqqran, yeggʷej x Iɛutmaniyen. S uyenni Lqahira ɣer Midḥat Baderxan d uma-s Ɛabderreḥman d amkan mani zemmren ad ssufɣen ajurnal-nnsen, ad xedmen x usenfar-nnsen adelsan d usertan, bla ma a nettu ila Iɛalawiyen ttuɣa ttɛawanen-ten din.
Din i d-ssufɣen ajurnal-nnsen i yeqqnen ɣer tseqqar n Ikurdiyen deg useggʷas n 1898, tessreɣ tfawt x ukerfes n Ikurdiyen, tesfaqqa-ten, tettetter zzag-sen ḥuma ad ɣewwɣen.
Siggzen 3000 zzag-s, bḍan-t baḍel deg iraqqen mani llan Ikurdiyen.
Maca Iɛetmaniyen faqsen s umihi n uɣmis-a d ddur-nnes di tnukkri n Yikurdiyen, S uya, bdan ḍeffren inni ibedden x ujurnal-a, tthuddan x tudert-nsen manimma raḥen ḥma ad bellɛen ajurnal-a wa. S uya i das-beddlen amkan-nnes rebɛa n twalatin di rebɛa n iseggusa, ttuɣa tettmuttuy jer Misra, Briṭaniya d Swisra.
Ibedd ujurnal-a ɣer uṭṭun wis 31; mani i d-yeffeɣ di Juniv deg useggʷas n 1902, maca aya urid d aneggaru-nnes, maca tedwel d aɛeqqa i d-issɣemyen aṭṭas n ijurnalen d tesɣunin d tikurdiyin bla leḥsab ass-a.
Dimaceq, Beɣdad, Mahabad d Istanbul
Lqern wis ɛecrin yeččur d tegrawliwin, d errbeḥ, d tareẓẓitin i ccin Yikurdiyen.
Tasɣunt-a “Roj”, anamek-nnes “Ass-a”, teffeɣ-d deg 1913, awern-as, ajurnal n “Tikeh Yeshtni Rasti” (Afehhem n Tidett) yeffeɣ-d di Beɣdad deg 1918, ibedd x-as umḍebber aɛeskri abriṭani, Major Son, i ttuɣa issnen mliḥ ilugan n tutlayt takurdit, s temɛawant aked uneɣmas Shukri Al-Fadhli.
S lebni n Tgelda Tahacimit n Lɛiraq deg 1921, ffɣen-d aṭṭas n yiɣmisen di temdint n Sulaymaniyah, am “Peshkutun” (tugurt), “Banki Kurdistan” (Alaɣi n Kurdistan), d inneɣni. Min iɛawnen ɣer manaya wami ttuɣa din ijjen macina i ttuɣa d-iwwi Major Sun ɣer-s.
Deg 1919, inelmaden ikurdiyen n Istanbul ssuffɣen-d aɣmis “Jin”, anamek-nnes “Tudert”, s tentala n Kurmanji, s yisekkilen n taɛrabt. Deg useggas-nni s ixef-nnes, ageldun Soraya Badrakhan yessufeɣ-d ɛawed aɣmis n “Kurdistan” – i ttuɣa d-yebda ɛemmi-s Miqdad yessuffuɣ-it-id zi Lqahira – Deg Isṭanbul s tutlayin tikurdit d teturkit, mamec i d-yessuffeɣ ca n yimegraden d tqessisin s tfarsit ed taɛrabt.
Di Dimaceq, deg 1932, yessuffeɣ-d ugeldun Celadet Baderxan tasɣunt « Hawar », anamek-nnes d “taɣuyyit”. Tasɣunt-a d tamezwarut zi marka-nnes, minzi d nettat d tasɣunt tamezwarut i isxedmen agemmay akurdi-alatini s weqbal n tenbaḍt (lḥukuma) tasurit xenni, zi senni yessufeɣ-d tasɣunt n Ronahi (Tfawt) deg 1943.
Ttuɣa din iɣmisen-nniḍen s lhimmet-nnsen ula nitni am inni i ten-id-yezwaren, am “Runaki” anamek-nnes “tfawt” , i d-yeffɣen deg Erbil, d tesɣunt “Nishtamani”, i d-yeffɣen di Mahabad, deg Iran, d tesɣunin d yiɣmisen-nniḍen di Azerbayjan, di Arminya d Lubnan.
Agemmay akurdi alatini
Yirar ugeldun Celadet Badrakhan ddur d ameqqran deg uzuzzer n tutlayt takurdit, ad ssnen tabridt n tira-nnes, d uḥeṭṭu-nnes zeg usefsi wami ibedd x lhimmet n yiles di ḥeṭṭu n wegduden zi xellu.
Surya ttuɣa-tt d ddsas i d-iwwin aṭṭas n lxir i ict tnukra d timxarrest ḥuma ad smlussnen s Ikurdiyen s izerfan-nsen maḥend ɛawed ad kkren kunṭra i Iɛutmaniyen d amezwaru senni kunṭra i Turkiya tamaynut.
Zegga i yettwaḥbes Amin Ali Badrakhan ɣer Ɛekka, ɣef leḥsab-nnes, minzi zeɛma ixes ad inneqbel x ugellid Abdul Hamid, siɣan tarwa-nnes Soraya, Celadet d Kamiran, x webrid n baba-tsen maḥend ad sfaqqen tiseqqar n wegdud-nnsen.
Waxxa tasɣunt n Hawar (taɣuyyit) i d-ssuffɣen wawmaten Ibaderxaniyen di Dimaceq ttuɣa ttbellaɛent kul twalat, maca ttuɣa tekker deɣya deɣya, maca ɛawed ttuɣa swizan akid-s ifransisen deg umenɣi amaḍlan wis tnayen.
Awmaten Badraxan, i yeɣrin deg Uliman, ssiwḍen ad d-ggen amawal akurdi-afransis, s temɛawant n imestɛarben ifransisen d iqebṭanen n Fransa ameknaw Roger Lescaut d Pierre Rondeau. S uyenni smunen Yibadraxaniyen tajerrumt (grammaire) d tira tamaynut n tutlayt takurdit (tantala n Kurmanji s ugemmay alatini).
Tamessdwelt n umezruy (Lmirat n Butan)
Tajuɣrafit min xef msebḍan Yikurdiyen tbedda zi Kermanshah (i yellan ass-a x igmiarne n Iran) di ccerq, ɣer Afrin (ay yellan ass-a di tmurt n Surya) x uɣelluy, ɛawed zi Sivas (i yellan ass-a di tmurt n Tturk ) deg yeẓẓelmeḍ ɣer Khanaqin (i yellan ass-a di tmurt n Lɛiraq) deg yeffus. Mamec llan drus idsen deg yeffus n uɣelluy n Armeniya.
Limaret n Butan ttuɣa teɛlem ddewla-nnes jar 1514-1847, nettat d tameggarut i yewḍan deg ufus n Iɛutmaniyen, ajellid-nnes ameggaru ttuɣa-t d Baderxan jer aseggʷas 1821-1847.
Limaret n Butan tennejbed-d zi Musul (di Lɛiraq n wass-a) ɣer yeffus, Sanandaj (deg Iran) ɣer ccerq, d Diyarbakir (Di Tturk) ɣer uɣelluy.
Deg 1834, bdan iɛutmaniyen x ixef-nnsen Muhammad Rashid Pasha, ijjen lḥerket maḥend ad yeṭṭef limaret-nni i ttuɣa yeffɣen fus-nnes, ad d-yerr Suriya n Muḥemmed Ɛali ajellid n Misra, xenni ṭṭfen Iɛutmaniyen Bahdinan d Soran, awern-as Jazra ula d nettat, maca rnin-ten Yimaṣriyen deg umenɣi n Nazib (i yellan ass-a d Nusaybin) deg 1837.
S uya, yewweḍ Badrakhan Bey ad d-yesbedd lḥukuma n tgelda (prince) n teqbilt deg yeffus n ccerq n Anatuliya, maca Iɛetmaniyen rrin-d adabu x limaret-nni deg 1847, uca ḥebbsen Badrkhan Bey d twacunt-nnes di tegzirt n Kṛita.
Deg 1865, jjin-t ad yezdeɣ di Dimaceq netta d twacunt-nnes tameqqrant, mani iy yemmut tlata n yiseggʷasen awern-as.
Amezruy n tzemmar maḥend ad ggen ca n ddewla takurdit
Ttwaggent aṭṭas n tzemmar maḥend tettwagg ijjen ddewla d takurdit maca walu:
- Tagelda n Kurdistan: Tettwagg di temdint n Sulaymaniyah di Kurdistan d lkampu-nnes deg useggʷas n 1922 x yixef-nnes ila din Ccix Meḥmud Lḥafid Lbranzaji, tus-d Briṭaniya tekkes-itt s bezzez.
- Kurdistan tazeggʷaɣt: Yikurdiyen di tmurt n Armeni-Rusya-Azerbayjan ur ɣer-sen bu ca n tezmert (force) min xef zemren ad ɛewwlen, maca tlata-ya n tmura sxedment tawriqt takurdit maḥend ad awḍent ɣer nnfeɛ-nsent, ɛernen Ikurdiyen ḥuma ad d-sbedden Tagduda Tazeggʷaɣt n Kurdistan, i ttuɣa yellan jer 1923 ar 1929 di Nagorno-Karabakh, d tamnaḍt s lhimmet-nnes jer Armeniya d Azerbayjan.
- Tagduda n Ararat: Ikurdiyen ggin aṭṭas n yimenɣiyen aked Turkiya i d-yebdan s yict n tegrawla di temnaḍin n yidurar n Ararat umi semman « Tagrawla Aɣri » deg 1930, x ixef-nnes d Iḥsan Nuri Pasha (1896-1976), i d-yesbedden tagrawla tameqqrant deg wudel n Turkiya. Yegga zi Ararat d ijjen ddewla d takurdit d tilellit zi senni yudef deg ijjen umenɣi aked Turkiya ar mani tewḍa ddewla-nnes.
- Tagduda n Mahabad : Zegga innfek umenɣi amaḍan wis tnayen, ggin Ikurdiyen n Iran ddewla n Mahabad, i yewḍan deɣya minzi wer tufi bu twiza zeg imezdaɣ ula zeg ifiyudaliyen.
- Tagduda n Lajin: Waxxa deg useggʷas n 1992 tettwagg ijjen tegduda jer Azerbayjan d Armeniya x ufus n Vakil Mustafayev, maca tagduda-ya wer tiwiḍ mani, deɣya tuḍa, yerwel ɣer Uṭalyan.