Iwdan, ttemsawaḍen
Beddlen izumal di mamec ttɛicen midden, wcin tibridin d timaynutin maḥend a nedder deg ijjen umaḍal, wer nessin min dag-s ɣa yemsaren deg yimal.
Sxedmen iwdan n yiḍ-a akulur, iwalen d ṣṣewt ḥuma ad saqaren min ittsenneɛ ufus d min tettwalid da. Tizemmar-a ḥuma ad ggen iplanuten, ad ttzemmamen tumlayin, ad msawaḍen, merra manaya iɛawen bnadem ḥuma ad yedder waxxa ttuɣa din ijjen ubeddel deg uklima.
Ɣer umeggaru, iwalen d izumal i yewwin ɣer iles d wagla n tudert n bnadem n yiḍa.
Amsawaḍ s ikuluriten
Ca n 350 000 n useggʷas zi mani
Aked uksid n arrsas d umanganiz, jjin lejdud-nneɣ timitar-nnsen x tmeslayin ula x yilem-nnsen. Ikuluriten ttuɣa-ten d izumal i zi dd-mmalen min ɛnan niɣ min teɛna taseḍma-nnsen.
Ad yili iwdan imezwura, sxedmen d amezwaru uksid n arrsas am ijjen uselɣaɣ (adhésif) niɣ am ijjen ssbaɣet, zi senni ttwaggen arrsumat niɣ “tilwiḥin” n tẓuri.
Iraqqen i ideqqsen x imursuten-a n ssbaɣet, mmalen-d timitar n weḥray niɣ n uḥekki, aya yesskan-d ila ddegg-a yettwassexdem ameknaw ikerrajen d imeqqranen n ikuluriten.
Timeḍlin tiqdimin
Ca n 100 000 n useggʷas zi mani
Lejdud-nneɣ, amezwaru, ttuɣa meṭṭlen [neṭṭřen] imettinen-nnsen aked teqcucin d ca n tmeslayin s watig-nnsent. Leɛzayet, xmi i yettmetta ḥedd, ittejja taseḍma-nni n yewdan ttfekkren-d amettin-nni. Manaya, iɛernen yewdan ḥma ad ttɣilen belli din ijjen tudert-nniḍen bla tenni i ttɛicen.
Amḍal n ijjen uḥenjir
Ca n 24 000 n useggʷas
Di Sunghir, di Rusiya, ijjen uḥenjir ɣer-s jar tenɛac ar teltac n useggʷas aked ijjen tḥenjirt ɣer-s jar tesɛa d ɛecra n iseggusa meḍlen-ten merra, azellif aked uzellif, nnḍen-asen-d uẓẓran (défenses) n umamut. Xenni, iwdan min ked ttuɣa ttɛicen sebɣen-ten s uksid n arssas d azeggʷaɣ d tezrarin.
Asiwel x tnettit
Ca n 100 000 n useggʷas zi mani.
Min ixes ad yini ad tessiwled x tnettit-nnec?
Sxedmen lejdud-nneɣ idmamen d teqcucin maḥend ad mmlen min ɛnan. Iwdan n wakud-nni, ggin manaya maḥend ad sseknen wi llan, man taseḍma min ked ttɛicen, ma d awtem niɣ d tawtemt, d wemkan i ɣer-s deg wamun ɣer wenni niɣ tenni.
Tumlayin n uzemmem
Ca n 77 000 n useggʷas zi mani.
Merra timeslayin-a kessin ca n arrcumat i izemmer ad ttwasxedmen maḥend ad ḥesben niɣ ad jemɛen tumlayin (informations). Ɛad imrezzuten ssawalen x min xsen ad inin arrcumat-a nican.
S ca n ibedduten am yina d imeẓẓyanen i zi d-tebda tizemmar-nneɣ deg wejmaɛ n waṭṭas n tumlayin.
D tumlayin niɣ d ddikuar waha?
Wami ɣrin imerzuten ddegg-a n tmeslayin mmalen-d ila arrcumat ttwasettfen mliḥ. Icimaten (schéma) ttawyen imerzuten ḥum ad inin belli xsen ad inin ajmaɛ n tumlayin maca ḥa d ddikurat waha.
Wami bdan iwdan tteggen tilwiḥin d tqensurin
Ca n 40 000 n useggʷas zi mani.
Xenni, bdan iwdan ttsaqaren-d ifuṭuten s tnayen ar tlata n ilaggʷajen (dimensions) n umaḍal i dasen-d-yunuḍen. Ca n 17 000 useggʷas zi mani, ttuɣa ssmeɣren zi titikniyin timeqqranin n usmedya (représentation), ameknaw pintura, arrsem, amsal, tiɣuzi, asiramik. Xeddmen s ucal, uẓẓran, d ideqqi ca n twalatin, saqaren-d ca n lexdyem, tteḥsaben-tent mxumblent.
Tettwalid (deg ufuṭu) azellif n arrimet x ijjen weẓru min xef ɣzin? Din tirezzutin timassanin i d-yemmlin belli iwdan sillɣen zi ca n taryiwin meẓyent n weẓru-ya, jjin wudem-nnsen yelɣeɣ ḥuma ad zzag-s d-saqaren ca n ḥajet. Imken manaya, d asmedya amezwaru i yettwaggen ḥuma ad saqaren ijjen wudem n bnadem.
Melmi i bdan iwdan ad arin?
Ca n 8000 n useggʷas zi mani, bdan iwdan sxeddamen izumal d tmitar maḥend ad smedyen iwalen d ixarrisen. Ca n marka n furmat n tira i d-yegmin aked luluf n iseggusa.
- Ttuɣa seḥlulluḍen ca n iqulariyen x ideqqi i yuffen maḥend ad zzag-s saqaren ca n tmeslayin.
- Izumal n tira timegditin (seg imegdi, cunéifomes) ssmedyant ixarrisen, maca awern-as bdant ssmedyant tifirin (syllabes) d imesliten (sons).
Melmi i bdan iwdan ad ssiwlen?
Wer ssinen ca imussnawen nican melmi. Minzi tutlayt i nessawal wer nzemmer ad tt-naf x yeẓra tesseẓru (fossilisé) drus i nessen x melmi i bdan lejdud-nneɣ ad msawaḍen s ijjen tutlayt temxumbel.
Maca, afabriki d usexdem n ca n tmeslayin, i yettɛeqqaben ɣer 350 000 useggʷas zi mani, ittxiss-as aṭṭas n tzemmar, i yellan tzemmer ad yili bnadem n xenni yeḥwaj tutlayt ḥuma ad isaqar leḥwajeyj-nni.
Min ixes ad yini bnadem “ad yessiwel”?
Tutlayt i nessawal ɣer-s lhimmet d tameqqrant ɣer bnadem. Necnin nesxeddam iles ḥma a nemsawaḍ deg ijjen umaḍal yemxumbel, ayenni iwweḍ ula d netta iggam.
Aked uyenni, teqqim taseqqiḍt-nneɣ ula d nettat teggam ḥma ataf nzemmer a nessiwel, tasenduqt timeslit-nneɣ (la boîte vocale) tehwa s wadday i tmijja. Amkan-nni wadday i tezra timeslatin (codes vocales) ula d netta ibda ittzugrut, min daneɣ-ittejjan a d-nessufeɣ aṭṭas n imeslan (sons).
Maca maḥend bnadem ad yessiwel, ataf ixess a x-as ixelles!
Umi tehwa tasenduqt timeslit-nneɣ ḥuma ad a nezmer a nessiwel, xenni wer nzemmer a nesseɣli a neneffs di twalat d icten. Tzemmer macca ad teqqim tennuɣ deg uqijjaw-nneɣ xenni a nebbuxsi.
Xzaret ɣer isegman wami wer ɣer-sen ca tasenduqt-nni timeslit tehwa, zemmren ad neffsen amec tettḍen ameknaw merra timezwura timessutaḍ. (mammifères)
Tala: humanorigins.si.edu