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Ttlat 12 Nuwembir 2024

Manis d-kkin iẓewran n upatriyarka?

Aṭṭas zi mani, ttuɣa ttwalan ila « tawrirt n ibuɣas », amek i ttuɣa i das-neqqar, d raqq mani ittemsar ddenf d tmenɣiwin n lebda.

Tɛawed tesɣunt n « Time » i yellan deg umarikan n ẓelmeḍ x mamec tbelleɛ : « George, i ttuɣa yellan d ijjen zeg ibabwiyen (marka n leqrud), yuker ijjen tewtemt n ‘ugellid’, wenn iwesren d wenn yemɣren zzag-sen zeg ibabwiyen n Morro dos Macacos » maca awerni ijjen ẓẓeyyar yettwagg x George, idwel yenɣa tawtemt-nni.

Tejja « Tawrirt n ibuɣas » ijjen later d ameqqran di mamec ttuɣa xezzren imrezzuten n imudar x uɣelleb (domination) n iwetman. Tḥajit-a terni tejja imussnawen ad ttɣilen belli bnadem ttuɣa-t d aklasi zi lebda itteḥkam dag-s uwtem.

Inni i d-ittasen ɣer zoo ittawi-asen-d rebbi axmi ttsafaren di tḥajit n bnadem amezwaru d mamec i yeyma aked wakud, mani iwtman ijehden lebda ttraḥen d tiherhert i twetmin iḍeɛfen.

Aked wakud, a nessen ila ibunbuten illan d ijjen zi leqrud i daneɣ-yudsen di tjinitikt, ttuɣa-ten d ijjen wamun d amatriyarka (waxxa iwtman deg uklassi-ya nitni d imeqqranen di tiddi), xenni ibyulujiyen qeblen ɣer umeggaru ila apatriyarka wer nzemmer ad t-nefhem deg uklasi-nneɣ s ugama waha (par nature).

Mayen lemdeɣ, ila din aṭṭas n ixarrisen i wer yellin ca nican x mamec iwtman idwel ɣer-sen aṭṭas n jjehd, amezruy n tidett iqqar ila din aṭṭas n tebridin i zi nzemmer a naweḍ a nefhem ila deg umeggaru din ijjen umquddi jar iklussay.

D amezwaru, zi mamec itturgun (organise) bnadem wer yerwis ca aṭṭas di mamec tturgunen imudar.

Amunen imatriyarken

Awal n « apatriyarka » ixes ad yini « aɣelleb n ubabat » aya iqqar ila aṭṭas zi mani d neccin nettɣil ila jjehd n iwtman ibedda zi twacunt, iwtman d nitni itteḥkamen di tudrin, smuttuyen jjehd-a zeg ubabat ɣer mmi-tsen. Maca deg umaḍal n tmezwuranin (primates), wer nettif ca aya ɣer-sen.

Icten am Melissa Emery i yellan d tantrupulujit di tesdawit n Miksik-tamaynut, deg umarikan, teẓra ila min ismunan tisatalin di twacunin ɣer tmezwuranin itturgun s tyemmatin-nnsen, maci s ibabaten-nnsen. 

Tala: GETTY IMAGES. ttuɣa ddenf di “tewrirt n ibuɣas”, di zoo n Lundun, wer t-nnument tmezwura.

Ɣer uklasi n midden, apatriyarka wer t-nettif ca deg umaḍal marra. Intrupulujiyen ufan ca n 160 n wamun s ufilu n umatriyarka deg Umarikan, Afrika, d Wasiya. Deg wamunen-a, lwert-nnsen ittmuttuy zi tyemmat ɣer yelli-s. 

Ca n tegrawin n midden ɛebbden takucin d iwtman ttɣiman di tudrin n tyemmatin-nnsen tudert-nnsen amen tekmel. Irgazen ɣer wegdud n Musu, deg yeffus-uɣulluy n Ccinwa, ttɛawnen deg usegmi n iḥenjiren n suytma-tsen kṭer zeg useymi n tarwa-nnsen.

Di tegrawin-a timatriyarkin, jjehd d leḥkam cerrken-ten irgazen d temɣarin.

Tigrawin timatriyarkin n Asant n Gana d ijjen umeknaw x uya. Da, timmuɣra tecrec jer tajellidt-tayemmat d ijjen wemɣar d awtem i yella tettɛawan s ixef-nnes. Deg useggas n 1900, tameqqrant n Asant Nana Yaa Asantewaa tɣewweɣ x lɛesker abriṭani.

Deg iseggusa imeggura kkiɣ-d amaḍal ḥma ad fehmeɣ iẓuran n upatriyarka n bnadem, ḥma ad ariɣ adlis n « The Patriarchs ».

Amek neccin nettalleɣ di zzatumezruy, d neccin nettemselqa aked waṭṭas n wudmawen imsebḍan n turgant tanamunt tamdant (organisation sociale humaine).

Araq arkiyuluji n Çatalhöyük, deg yeffus n Wanatuliya (iḍeffren ass-a i tecwiḥt tasyawit n Turkiyyi), ɣer-s 9000 n iseggasen, tteḥsaben-tt lux am temdint taqdimt deg umaḍal alaḥsab tuzzeggerdt-nnes d umxumbel-nnes. Merra tinewcayin-a tarkyulujiyn mmalent ila asikes ɣer-s drus n later x mamec ttuɣa ttɛicen imezdaɣ tudert-nnsen.

« Deg uzgen ameqqran n iraqqen mani ttuɣa llant trezzutin tirkyulujiyin, nettwala ila irgazen d temɣarin kul aklasi s tudert-nnes imsebḍan, s macca-nnsen imsebḍan, s uya kul aklasi s usistim n macca-nnes imsebḍan », d aya isseplika warkyuluji Ian Hodder, zi tesdawit n Stanford, deg Umarikan. Mass Hodder, yexdem x ijjen usenfar n trezzut di Çatalhöyük ar 2018.

Irenni iqqar : « Maca di Çatalhöyük, maci d aya i nẓerr zzat-neɣ »

Ifessayen n min iqqimen zeg yewdan mmalen-d ila irgazen d temɣarin ttuɣa cerrken macca-nnsen, sɛeddan ɛlaḥal lweqt d icten la di berra la di daxel n taddart, ttemserwasen di lexdayem i itteggen. Waxxa d beṭṭu di tuzzeggerdt jar tiwsatin (les sexes) wer yelli ca aṭṭas.

Timɣarin maci ttuɣa weḍḍrent. Abeqqec deg iraqqen-a d inniḍen i yetteɛqaben ɣer ijjen wakud ufin awern-as aṭṭas n isefrisen n twetmin i yella lux ɛemmren iɣezdisa n isalayen irkyulujiyen.

Wenn zzag-sen yettwassnen qaɛ, d Tamɣart i yeqqimen n Çatalhöyük, ass-a fessren-t awerni i zzaj deg usalay (musée) n tɣermiwin tinatuliyin n Ankara, takapitalt n Turkiyyi. Tamɣart-a teqqim x uɛrur-nes afusi. Arrimet-nnes yirar dag-s lɛumur aked ijjen tadunt d tameqqrant. Iɣallen-nnes zyenfan s wadday-nnes din ca n imuccwen, niɣ d iɣilasen, i ixezzren ɣer zzat axmi ttwasgerden (apprivoisés).

Amek nessen ila amquddi di tewsit di Çatalhöyük wer idumm ca i lebda. Awerni luluf n iseggusa, neẓra iklussay inamunen ṭṭfen amkan i wenn aqdim, xelli deg Uruppa, Asiya, d usammer-anammas. Amenni, ca n luluf n iseggusa menbeɛd, di tneddam tiqdimin ameknaw Atina ɣer Igrikiyen ; aṭṭas n tdelsiwin gmint adu ca n imiten d imizujinen (kerrhen tamɣart) mani tamɣart lebda teḍɛef, wer ɣer-s bu ttiqqet, mani i yella bnadem ad tt-yejj di taddart ḥsen.

Maca aseqsi ameqqran : Mayemmi ?

Tafellaḥt d wagla

Lebda Intrupulujiyen d ifilusufen ttuɣa ttseqsan ma tafellaḥt d tenni ismeyylen jjehd jer irgazen d temɣarin. Di tidett, tafellaḥt tettḥwaja aṭṭas n jjehd afiziki, tafellaḥt tban-d deg wakud mani irgazen bdan ɛellmen igelwan, am wulli.

Taṭyurit-a teqqar, ila ayt bab n igelwan banen-d wami idwel ɣer-sen agla kṭer zeg inniḍen, d ayenni ijjin iwdan-nni ad fekkren ad smuttyen igelwan-nnsen i tarwa-nnsn. Maḥend ad ggen aya, xenni srusan igmiren x tlelli tamewsit (sexuelle) n temɣarin. 

Maca amxumbel, timɣarin zi lebda ttuɣa tteggent tafellaḥt. Di tsekla tagrikt d tenni n Ruma taqdimt, nettaf arrsumat nettwala dag-sent timɣarin mejjrent niɣ tiḥuja n tḥudriyin d timeysawin.

Timetta Imunen (Nations unies) teqqar ass-a ila timɣarin tteggent azgen deg ixeddamen n tfellaḥt deg umaḍal, d uzgen zeg imeksawen di tmura timeẓlaḍ. Mani timɣarin zi lebda ttuɣa tteggent ca n lexdayem iqesḥen.

Maca mayen yellan s lhimmet deg umezruy n upatriyarka ila assegred n imudar d arrbiɛ ttuɣa-t yemsar qbel i warcifen imezruyanen ad mmlen ddegg-a n ddenf ibnan x tewsit.

Iqqar mass Hodder ila « axarres-nni aqdim iqqaren ila tafellaḥt txes ad tini agla niɣ yeqqar ila ixess a neḥḍa timɣarin axmi d ijjen wagla, wer yelli ca nican, minzi takrunulujit wer daneɣ-tettawi ca ɣer tilawt »

 

Izumal imezwura n ijjen umsurruf imsebḍan aked temɣarin iban-d menbeɛdn di tmura i d-yusin jar tnayen n isaffen, deg wemkan i yellan jar Dijla d Lfurat, deg iraqqen ittwassnen yiḍ-a s Lɛiraq, Suriyyi d Turkiyyi. 

Ca n 5000 n useggas zi mani, mmalent-id ca n telwiḥin d timessugurin (administratives) i d-yusin zi temdint tasumarit n Uruk, deg yeffus n umizuputami (Lɛiraq ass-a) mani ca n imḍebbren ggin tizemmar d timeqqranin ḥma ad ḥesben iwdan d isugam-nnsen.

« Leḥkam x midden d asaru n leḥkam amen yekmel» d aya i iqqar untrupuluji d umesrtay (politologue) James Scott, zi tesdawit n Yale, deg Umarikan. Beddent tirezzutin n Mass Scott x tfellaḥt n zzman amezwaru n temdanit. Imḍebbren n wamunen-a imezwura ila tteḥwajan midden izemmren ad saqaren isugam i yixef-nnsen niɣ i ddewla s ixef-nnes ḥma ad wcen tudert-nnsen, deg wakud n umenɣi. Asmɣer n twacunt s tarwa aya issers ẓeyyar n midden, aked wakuc, timɣarin ttuɣa ixess-asent ad arunt kṭer, ad arunt iwtman i ɣa idewlen ijjen wass d imennaɣen (des combattants).

Maca min illan s lhimmet-nnes, ixess kul ijjen ad yegg min zzag-s ttrajan, la yergazen la timɣarin. Imiɣisen d imezran ila wer ɣer-sen bu ca n wemkan deg wegdud. Mala iḥudriyen wer ttexsen bu ad raḥen ɣer umenɣi tteḥsaben-ten axmi d xulat, timɣarin i wer xsent niɣ wer zemmrent ad arunt tteḥsaben-tent d zziyada waha.

 Tissumɣa n zzman-a i di nella

Tamezruyant tamarikant Gerda Lerner (1920-2013) tufa belli din arcifen uran n wakud i yemmalen ila timɣarin dewlent weḍḍrent zeg wazzreg amatu n lxedmet d timmuɣra, mani qqiment di tili n taddart, d min ɣer-s iqqnen n usegmi n iḥenjiren d usujed n macca.

Aya a t-neqqen ɣer wercal (lemlak) apatriyarki – mani taḥenjirt ixess-as ad tejj taddart n temẓi-nnes ḥma ad tɛic aked wergaz-nnes – ddegg-a n tmegga issinef timɣarin, yejja asyafu-nnsent immerni aked tmerniwt n ddenf i x-as ittwaggen di taddart.

Aked wakud, idwel lemlak d ijjen tmerselt d tazerfant (institution juridique) teqseḥ ittemsurrufen aked temɣarin axmi d ijjen wegla iɛelmen yergazen, ameknaw iḥenjiren d isemɣan.

 

Tala: Getty images. Isiramiken igrikiyen tteεqaben ɣer 400 useggʷas qbel i tlalit, mmalen-d timɣarin ttagment-id aman i teslit

S uya, deg wemkan ma apatriyarka ad yebda zi twacunt, amezruy immal-d yebda-d aked ubani n ddewal timezwura. Tutra-ya tban-d zi sennej uca tehwa-d ɣer twacunt, min yejjin ijjen weqḍaɛ di mamec ttemsurrufen iwdan jar-asen, waxxa jar tarwa d ibabaten-nnsen.

Deg wemkan ma ayt n twacunt ad xsen ad ɛawnen ayawya, dewlen tticen ḥadur zeg wayawya, minzi asistim-a n upatriyarka d wenni dasen-iẓẓu manaya ɣer yewdan i t-innumen. Wer qqimen Iwdan ttɛicen i yixef-nnsen d inni i ɣer-sen d-yudsen, dewlen ttɛicen i ddewla tapatriyarkat.

Deg wamunen ibnan x twetmant (masculinité) ɛad itteɛjib-asen ad ɣer-sen yili iwtman kṭer zi twetmin, aya yella waxxa di Ccinwa d Lhend, min ijjin aṭṭas n tḥenjirin ttmettant.

Di leḥsab i tegga Lhend deg useggas n 2011, issken ila din 111 n iḥenjiren i 100 n tḥenjirin, maca nnumru-ya ittraḥ ittif mani yegduden tteggen ijjen umquddi jar iwtman d twetmin.

Asyafu (exploitation) n temɣarin deg warcalen ipatriyarken ɛad yella ar lux, aya yellan ula di –lemlak n bezzez- i yella tteḥsaben-t ameknaw ijjen marka d amaynu n tissumɣa, d aya i tenna turgant tagraɣlant n lxedmet di twalat tamezwarut aseggas n 2017.

Ijjen nnumru iban-d deg useggas n 2021 iqqar ila 22 melyun n midden ttɛicen deg ijjen wudem n ijjen lemlak n bezzez.

Ddewla tapatriyrkat tejja iyzzimen d ipsicikiyen qqimen i lebda. Ijja-aneɣ a nennum aked uxarres iqqaren ila asettef ibnan x tewsit ittwaḥsab nurmal, am ddenf n iklussay d wenni n iẓuran i yellan deg ijjen zzman ttuɣa tteḥsaben-t ula d netta nurmal.

Dewlen ddegg-a n ixarrisen d iklicciten, am uklicci n uxarres i yeqqaren ila timɣarin amkan-nnsent d taddart ad ttenhellant di kuzina mani irgazen nitni lebda tteggen ddenf, ixess ad raḥen ɣer umenɣi.

Tura-t : Angela Saini i BBC

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