Nessen belli leḥbusat d imukan n ukerfes. Maca, di tidett, leḥbes yettwagg i ca n ḥajet-nniḍen bla tamerrut (punition.), yettwagg ula i useggem (réhabilitation).
Deg umarikan, itteɛqab useggem n imeḥbas ɣer werẓam n taddart n weɛdal (maison de correction) n Elmira aseggʷas n 1876 deg yeẓẓelmeḍ n twilayt n NewYork.
Ttuɣa timerselt-a « usmaynu n lxir », i yellan d taddart n weɛdal tettxes ad tseggem imeḥbas, wer lli ɣir ad asen-kksen [tilelli waha] – waxxa Zebulon Brockway, ittsemma wenn ibnan taddart-a, , ittwassnen s yisem n « bu tineɛdalin timarikaniyin », ttuɣa yeqqseḥ cwayt.
Aṭṭas n twilayin timarikaniyin raḥent x webrid-a n useggem d weɛdal, mani ila ttuɣa ttwalan leḥbas d amkan n « weɛdal d useggem » mani dewlen iwdan d ijjen ucwiḥ zeg usistim azerfan.
Maca axarres-nni i yeqqaren ila aḥebbes d ukerfres tteɛqaben-d s nnefɛ x uneḥbus wer d-ibin ḥa di lqern wis 19. Maca aqqa manaya iban-d qbel i 4000 n useggʷas : ijjen yezli zi tmurt n jar n tnayen n isaffen, ittsemma Lɛiraq n yiḍa, ila ssemɣaran zeg ijjen takuct n leḥbes qqaren-as Nungal.
Ca n ɛecra n iseggusa zi mani, mani nec ila lliɣ d ameḥḍar tteggeɣ tirezzutin x tissumɣa di tmurt n jar n tnayen n isaffen, ufiɣ aṭṭas n yeḍrisen i yettemsurrufen aked uḥebbes.
Ca zi tewriqin-nni n temessugurt ssawalent x ca n leḥbusat d tilebdanin, ca zzag-sen d tiwriqin d tizerfanin, tiseklanin niɣ ḥa d tibratin waha.
Ttuɣa ttbehḍeɣ x tmeslayt n uḥebbes di kulturat-a : azgen ameqqran ila ttḥebbsen iwdan ḥa drus n wakud waha, maca di ca n tewriqin, ila ttwalan ila aḥebbes issizdig buḥbel, ittseggem.
Taddart n tudert
Deg useggʷas n 1800 Zɛ, aṭṭas n imeḥḍaren ila ttrinaren x tira d uzemmem di Nippur, tameggarut-a i yellan d tamdint d tasumarit d taqdimt (taɣerma taqdimt i yettwassnen di temnaḍt n uraq n jar tnayen n isaffen), ttkupyan-d zeg ijjen tseḍma ittakkʷaḍen 10 n lexdayem d tiseklanin.
S usxdem n tira n tamesmarit, imariten-a ittkuppyan iḍrisen am tḥajit n Gilgamish wami ttuɣa ittemseksi aked yisiḍ Huwawa, aɛessas n lɣabet ittwassnen, mamec uran x ijjen ugellid d amizuputami umu qqaren Šulgi i itterran ixef-nnes axmi d akuc.
Mani amari issefti iḍrisen-a imsebḍan, slin imeḥḍaren x takuct n leḥbes umi qqaren Nungal. Waxxa leḥkam-nnes wer x-as bu wawal, maca Nungal tettwassen s wul-nnes ameqqran.
« taddart-nnes » ismerrat ineḥbas, mani axeyyeq-nnes ittegg inedban. Maca inedban-a ssizdigen ibekkiḍen-nnsen, ssaɣen i yixef-nnsen ca n takuct, i yella tettḥama x-asen zzat i takucin timeqqranin.
« izli n Nungal », i yella itteɛqab ɣer alfayen d tlata n walef Zɛ, immal s ufessel mamec ameḥbus i yenɣin ca n bnaden, wer t-neqqen ca, kksin-t-id jar tnayen n « iɣesmiren n werdal », ittemrusa di taddart n Nungal, umi neqqar « taddart » n tudert – maca d ijjen wemkan ɛawed n ukerfes, n tweḥdanit d iwezwizen.
Maca, izli issawal x imeḥbas, ittbeddalen ixef-nnsen di leḥbes.
Takuct teqqar ila taddart-nnes « tettwabna s rreḥmet, tettheddan ul n bnadem-a, isberrad buḥbel-nnes ».
Ɣer umeggaru, ttrun imeḥbas uca ssizdigen buḥbel-nnsen jar tiṭṭawin n wakucen-nnsen.
« xmi i ɣa ihedden ul n Rebbi-nnes ; xmi i ɣa yedwel am nnuqqret ittbessisqen, mani i t-yessfaw di tɛejjajt ; xmi x-as i yettekkes yenjan, am nnuqqret-nni i yellan d llemliḥ… uca i yettelin zzat i takuct. »
Jar tidett n ixarriqen
Ixess a nessen ma s tidett iqdimen ila ttamnen di ddegg-a n tḥuja n irebbiten, aya yettɣima d aseqsi wer x-as nessin walu. Iḍrisen am « izli n Nungal » ma ttuɣa-ten d isental n ddin niɣ d tḥuja waha iwdan wer zzag-sen kessin walu ?.
Minzi d ijjen weḍris n tsekla, maci d ijjen tala i yessawalen x usistim azerfan.
Deg wakud-a, tigelday timuzupuṭamiyin ttbanent-id axmi sxeddament leḥbes ḥuma ad ḥebbsent imeḥbas qbel ma ad ten-tmerret. Ameknaw leḥbusat i yeḥṭṭan inni i di ttcekkan ussan-a.
Mamec i yesbedden iwdan ttuɣa ixess-asen ad xellsen ca n umerwas, jjin-ten ad xedmen s bezzez – ca n twalatin, xeddmen kṭer zi tlata n iseggusa. Maca azgen ameqqran, aẓẓayen (les sanctions) xeddmen x min illan n arrimet niɣ n ttmenyat, wer dag-s bu aḥebbes.
Maca, aqqa aḥebbes ula netta dag-s imxumbal, ijjen umeḥbus ittwala « leḥbes » am ijjen « taddart n wemnus d buheyyuf » deg ijjen tebrat tura ɣer wemɣar-nnes.
Deg ijjen weḍris-nnes, amesqad-a i yella snufslen, iccetka s weɛmud i das-ggin di lankiṭ – bla ma ad iydar min igga wenni.
Maca, imerzzuten am Klaas Veenhif d Dominique Charpin weyyen-d ca n wanzaten (preuves) x tilatt i tirar Nungal deg di lmeḥkama.
Jar iḍennaḍ d nhara
Waxxa azgen ameqqran n iwdan wer sseɛdin bu ca n wakud d ameqqran di leḥbusat imizuputamiyen, maca waxxa amenni sufran.
Minzi, imken, yirim-a isseɛdan d aya i ten-iɛernen ḥuma ad arin aḍris ameknaw « izli n Nungal » i yellan amknaw ijjen yirim i sxedmen ḥuma ad seggmen imeḥbas s inedban. Axarres i yeqqaren ila leḥbes ineffɛen izemmar ad yili mani mma, ma s tidett ilaq ad yili.
Tabridt i zi ttemsurrufen isistimen iḥebbasen ḥuma ad smaynun temsebḍa x tebridt i zi ttuɣa ixezzer « izli n Nungal ».
Maca axarres imetnen d wenni iqqaren ila asufrar d ukerfes izemmer ad iɛawen imeḥbas ɣer-s iẓuran-nnes deg umezruy – min ittejjan ila isistimen iḥebbasen ad inin ila asufrar jar leḥyuḍ d later n leḥnunniyet.
yura-t : J Nicolas Reid i BBC