Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo Calderón, tettwassen deg umaḍal merra s yisem n Frida, teḍfer-itt-id yisem almani i d-tewret zi baba-s, Kahlo, temmut di leɛmer-nnes 47 n yiseggasen deg 1954.
Waxxa tudert-nnes d taquḍaḍt maca tewca-as i yisem-nnes ijjen tudert-nneɣni d tazegrart teḍwel d ijjen tmeṭṭut d tafiminist i yettwassnen deg umaḍal amen yekmel, tekk-d zeg umiyt ɣer sselɛet.
Dewlen tifelwiyin-nnes d timesla, tiwlafin, tividyutin, iḍrisen, arrsumat, tibratin ula d ajunrnal-nnes n tẓuri –dewlen- ttemhafan x-asen iwdan zi dduniyt qqaɛ.
“Wami txarres ad texdem x ixef-nnes axmi d ijjen “ttima n lxedmet” manaya yewca i Frida ijjen wemkan wer ɣer-s iwwiḍ ḥedd”. D aya i d-inna umara amiksiki Francisco Haghenbeck, wenn yuran adlis n “Tufurin n Frida Kahlo”.
Ixeddimen imeqqranen n tnaẓurt-a d uṭupurtriten (tettsewwer ixef-nnes) ula kter deg ijjen useddi n tfelwin mani i tettban s arrimet-nnes amen tekmel, s waṭṭas n idammen, d nettat tettsufra di spiṭar.
Di ɛecra n iseggusa ineggura, kkint tiɣawsiwin d tmeslayin n tnaẓurt-a Tamiksikit amaḍal amen yekmel deg waṭṭas n isefsaren.
Mamec tedwel tteswiret n Frida d tikunt n pop: udem-nnes ittban-d di tqmijjatin, lkisan, imignatisen n nnibirat, iqurab d dduzan-nneḍni.
“Tesmun Kahlo deg ‘ijjen wemdan/ijjen lxedmet’ aṭṭas n iferdisen i yejjin zi tteswiret-nnes axmi d ijjen umiyt: Atebheḍ; d umaḍal i wer yegmin ca ɣer deffer-nnes, ɛawed wami tella d tameṭṭut, bla ma a nettu tiɣist-nnes di tẓuri n ikuluriten min xef wer nzemmer a nengez” D aya i tenna tselmadt di tesdawit Autónoma Metropolitana de Xochimilco, Eli Bartra, tamarit n Frida Kahlo. Tamɣart, tadyulujit d tẓuri.
Amiyt
Am mamec teqqar Bartra, amuyt-nni i das-d-yunuḍen tebda tbenna-t tanaẓurt nnit i yixef-nnes di tudert-nnes i tɛic.
“Deg imukan i teẓra deg Uruppa d umarikan, tudert d lxedmet n Frida, yewdan ufin dag-s min rezzun, wcin-as aṭṭas n taynit. Aked lmewt-nnes, imukan-nni kemmlen lebni i umiyt-nni”. D aya i d-tessefhem tamerzut-a.
“Tban-d deɣya taynit n n fiministat tilimaniyin, ɛlaḥsab isem-nnes aliman “Frida”. Amussu n “Chicanos” (imiksikiyen i yettɛicen deg Umarikan) ula d netta irra taynit i wudem n tnaẓurt-a minzi illa ttwalan belli tesskan-d ‘tamiksikanit’ amen tenna.
Ɣer Haghenbeck, “amiyt n Frida” yedwel yejhed s min tt-yesmunen nettat aked iwriken n wakud-nnes.
“Tewwi-tt tmexsa ɣer ca n yewdan ameknaw André Breton, Trotsky, Picasso d Rockefeller, ɛawed ula d Diego Rivera, ina jjin-tt ad tettwassen, ad ssezzuggarten di tudert-nnes, smlusssnen-tt s ijjen wudem isebḥen, ijehden, maca ɛawed ittsufran”. I d-yenna umara.
Temlek Frida Kahlo tnayen n twalatin, deg useggʷas n 1929 d 1940, tnayen-a n lemlakat aked unaẓur amiksiki Diego Rivera.
Wami ttuɣa s tnayen tteggen timeqqanin berra i lemlak-nnsen – Rivera ttuɣa yettmun waxxa aked weltma-s n Frida, min yejjin lemlak-nnsen amezwaru ad isala – ɣer uneggaru ɛicen aṭṭas jer-sen maca s ijjen tudert yeɣleb x-as wemxumbel.
Jar waraḥ as-d nnes, tegga aṭṭas n tmeqqanin aked ca n inaẓuren d waggagen ameknaw Léon Trotsky, min ked tebḍa Frida taddart-nnes deg useggʷas n 1937.
Laksida n lkar i tegga deg useggʷas n 1925, mani tegga ca n 30 n wapparasyu – yudef ijjen weqḍib n wuzzal deg uɛeddis-nnes d umessaḍ-nnes deg wakud n laksida-ya – d aya i tt-yejjin tettwassen s usufri-nnes di tẓuri.
Mamec i illa day-s lɛib ɛawed deg uḍar-nnes awerni umi i tt-yelqef lehlak n uqucceḥ (polio) wami i tt-ttuɣa d tameẓẓyant.
Tettwala Edla Eggert, d tamerzut n ddukutura di trezzutin n temɣarin di tesdawit tameqqrant n Xochimilco ɛawed d taselmadt di tesdawit takaṭulit n Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS), Wami x-as ikka ɣezzu-ya merra deg waṭṭas n wudmawen zi tudert-nnes d aya i yejjin Frida d ict zi tnaẓurin i yettwassnen deg umaḍal merra.
“Dinni ijjen tneqqiḍt d tameccarkut temmers x-as ijjen twafit jer-as-d d t.inni i yeẓrin ca n tetrajidit akked arrimet-nnsen” I d-tenna Eggert.
Di tebyugrafit tameqqrant n Kahlo, i d-tura Hayden Herrera, abani n tnaẓurt i yeggin ca n ddegg, s teqcucin-nnes d warruḍ-nnes amiksiki, nnan x-as axmi teḍfer d ijjen testratijit maḥend ad tmeyyek x iyezzimen n arrimet-nnes d uceyyen i yellan deg iḍaren-nnes.
Tura Herrera deg udlis n Frida: tabyugrafit “ zegga idettetn uṭupurtiten yili-nnes, nettaf arruḍ-nnes errin zi temɣart-a tahcict, i yekkalen teẓẓel di taddart, tettban-d kter, teḍehhar-d s ufizik-nnes deg wazzreg”.
Arruḍ-nnes ttuɣa ggin ameknaw ijjen uparadukes, d ancit i das-tticen tanettit d anict i yeddalen leḥriq n daxel d iwezwizen i zi tesufra Frida.
Wami ttuɣa tetteḥwaja ad teyreḍ ijjen uparatu n useggem maḥend ad as-isegged tifrɣi n weɛrur-nnes, ttuɣa tettejja Frida aparaṭu-nni ittban-d maca trenni x-as ca n ddikurat axmi d ca zeg warruḍ-nnes.
Ɛlaḥsab Herrera, zegga tehrura sseḥḥet n Frida, dewlent tiqcucin-nnes ttbanent-id, s waṭṭas n ikuluriten.
Tanaẓurt-a ttuɣa tyerreḍ arruḍ-nnes waxxa deg ussan mani ttuɣa wer tzemmer ad teffeɣ zi taddart-nnes.
Tikunt n pop
Tenna Eli Bartra ila ijjen uzgen d ameqqran zeg “umiyt n Frida” iɛawen maḥend ad ittwaxleq umi neqqar “Frida Pop” i yellan d ijjen uɛawed n ufares d ameqqran i tteswirt n tnaẓurt-a maca issexwa zeg unamek-nnes.
“Min igguren ass-a, d ifarsen n Frida. Dewlen d ijjen tẓuri d tagdudant minzi ttemnuzan aṭṭas”.
Teqqar tmerzzut belli di Miksik, Frida ɣer-s ijjen laggʷaj kter zi nurmal qbel zeg umiyt.
“Tettwassen, neɛmen zzag-s, ttweqqaren-tt, maca s ijjen tfensa tanefgant kter cwayt. Amiyt-a, yejja aṭṭas n yewdan tuẓa ɣer-sen Kahlo”. I d-teqqar Bartra.
“Ad yili wer ttexsen ca Frida kter zeg inaẓuren inamuren-nniḍen ameknaw Remedios Varo d María Izquierdo”
Ɣer tenṭrupulugt d tselmadt di tesdawit tafidiralit n Santa Catrina (UFSC) Sônia Maluf, tetteqqen amures n tnaẓurt-a tanita ɣer wefham n ḥidi ḥidi i yeggin i tudert-nnes.
Trenni teqqar Bartra: “tiweḍ ad tdel x laksida-nnes d iparasyuten-nnes s ijjen tebridt i yetteggen aṭṭas n utebheḍ”.
D tafiminist?
Deg iseggusa n 1950, yenna Diego Rivera ila Frida nettat “ tamɣart tamezwarut deg umezruy n tẓuri, i yessiwlen s ijjen tidett d tameqqrant bla azewweq, nzemmer qqaɛ a nini ila tessiwel x tuɛɛefna bla ad tt-tecqa, ddegg-a n itimatiken i yella qaɛ wer cqin i temɣarin”.
Bartra tessawal x manaya : “ɛemmers ma tenna x ixef-nnes d tafiminist, niɣ ɛemmers ma tegga ixef-nnes amenni. Maca nzemmer a nẓer mamec lexdayem-nnes mmalen-d amaḍal n temɣarin d uɣewweɣ-nnsent x lḥal amunan n temɣarin n wakud-nni”.
Haghenbeck yettwala ila Frida ttuɣa teggʷej x umi neqqar ass-a tamɣart tafiminist.
“Waxxa amenni, ttuɣa-tt d taɣewwaɣt, tetteṭṭef deg imenzayen, teqqen ɣer ca n ixarrisen uɛlan”.
Tabridt i zi temmal Frida tasinsikswalit-nnes d lemlak-nnes d mamec i d-tesskan tayemmat-nni ixeyyeqen (teɣḍel aɛeddis tlata n twalatin wami i das-temsar laksiḍa-nni) axmi ttuɣa tizzar tessiwel x yemxumbal n temɣarin i zi ttsufrant ass-a.
Di telwiḥt n Henry Ford di spiṭar, tsewwer-d tanaẓurt wami i teɣḍel aɛeddis i twalat tis tnayen di spiṭar-nni i yeksin isem n telwiḥt.
“Tterrant taynit tifiminisyin i lxedmet n Frida minzi tessen mamec ɣa tegg ad tɛawed, di tẓuri n ikuluriten, ijjen uɣewweɣ n twetmant i yessersen s uɣil x weɛrur n twetmin. Aṭṭas, ila xezzren ɣer-s ameknaw ijjen tbellewtemt, mani nettat ila tressem x weɣḍal n uɛeddis, anuri, tamettant n temɣarin…” I d-teqqar Bartra.
Deg ijjen wakud, tersem dag-s Frida aṭṭas n telwiḥin wami i tellef i wergaz-nnes deg useggʷas n 1935, mani tanaẓurt tejja taddart, traḥ ad tezdeɣ deg ijjen partma deg wammas n Miksiku.
Xenni, ttuɣa d ayenni tiweḍ tettgenfa zeg ijjen uparasyu i di tekkes ijjen tefdent n uḍar-nnes afusi, temkabar maḥend ad taweḍ ad tqedd x ixef-nnes nnit zi senni tebda teznuza tilwiḥin-nnes.
Di ca n uṭupurtriten s icewwufa qessen, i tsewwer deg wallaf-nnes, tettban-d tanaẓurt s ijjen ucewwaf iqess – icten zi tqiṭṭwin tizegrarin i ttuɣa teksi deg ufus, Rivera ttuɣa ittxes tajeṭṭuyt-nni – d nettat teyreḍ arruḍ n yergazen.
S nnej i telwiḥt tura Frida ijjen umursu zeg ijjen uɣennij d amiksiki : “Xzar, cciɣ-tt x-am, cciɣ-tt x ucewwaf-nnem, luxa cem d taqeccart, qaɛ wer cem-ttexseɣ.”
Ijjen telwiḥt-nniḍen deg wakud-nni qqaren-as Unos Cuantos Piquetitos (1935), day-s tettban-d ijjen temɣart d taɛeryant, teccur s idammen x qama-nnes, aked ijjen wergaz ibedd ṭṭerf-nnes iksi ijjen uxedmi.
Tegga Frida lxedmet-a tanita zegga teɣra ijjen uneqqis x ijjen wergaz i yewtin tamɣart-nnes ar mani d lmewt minzi tuɣ-it tusmin, zzat i lmeḥkama yenna: “manaya d ca n teyyita d timeẓẓyanin waha”.
“Unos Cuantos Piquetitos” d tɣuyyit kuntra i ddenf i ẓerrent temɣarin, kuntra i umeyyek x kultura tamacist aked umɛeddi”. I yeqqar Eggert.
Zi mayen d-tejja Frida d ameqqran, wami i d-tɛerra iseqsiten i yeqqnen ɣer tudert n temɣarin, tedwel tessawal x-asen axmi d ca n itimatiken d isertanen.
“Tudert d lxedmet n Frida d ca n iferdisen i d-immalen mamec i ttuɣa tettɛic temɣart” i d-tenna Sônia Maluf, n l’UFSC
“Ca n imariten tteḥsaben ila tafiminist teḥḍar di lxedmet-nnes maci s usedwel, maca wami tizzar i umi neqqar tafiminsit i d-yusin awerni i useggʷas n 1960”.
D yelli-s n tegrawla
Tenna Frida Kahlo x ixef-nnes ila nettat d “yelli-s n tegrawla tamiksikant” i yemsaren deg useggʷas n 1910 awerni tlata n iseggasen zegga i tlul, i yeqqimen ar 1920.
Ar wami ila ɣer-s 13 n iseggusa, temɣer-s jer aqerṭas d imseksiten n ifellaḥen, teẓra yemma-s tettic macca i Zapatitas xmi i d-ɛeddan x baryu n Coyoacán di jjwayeh n Mexico mani ttuɣa tettɛic twacunt n Kahlo.
L’adolescence de l’artiste est marquée par le Mexique post-révolutionnaire, moment historique d’effervescence culturelle.
“Frida ttuɣa tettxes kultura tamiksikant, macca d warruḍ-nnsen. Ttuɣa d ijjen temɣart itteɛjib-as ttakus, mariachis, wer tt-ttuɣi ca tettḥaza ixef-nnes” I d-yenna Haghenbeck.
“Tɛic deg umarikan ca n iseggusa, waxxa ttuɣa-tt dinni, ttuɣa tettegg fictat s tikila, tyerreḍ arruḍ amiksiki. Aṭṭas n ikuluriten d lefraḥet, manaya ɣer imarikaniyen ila iɣeṭṭel-asen-d aleyzaz.
“Frida ttuɣa-t d amiṭafur n Miksik: day-s ikuluriten, temḥeḍ, maca teccura s iyezzimen” i d-yenna umara-ya.