Zeg wami i d-gmin lejdud-nneɣ d leqrud zeg ijjen ubabat d ameqqran icerken d ibeddilen deg ijiniten-nneɣ ttemsaren, aya i daneɣ-iɛawnen a nessemɣer zeg walli-nneɣ, iɛawen-aneɣ ɛawed a nbedd x iḍaren-nneɣ. Maca, manaya ma ɣer-s ca n twiɣiwin (inconvénients) ?
Di 15 melyun n useggʷas i yeɛdan, dewlen ɛelmen lejdud-nneɣ ca n ibeddilen d ijiniten i daneɣ-yejjin ɣer umeggaru qqaɛ a nili d ‘yewdan’ uca manaya yebḍa-aneɣ x imudar iddren i daneɣ-yudsen aṭṭas – ameknaw Campanzi d leqrud-nneḍni i yuɛlan.
Yedwel walli n lejdud-nneɣ yemɣer rebɛa n twalatin x mamec i t-ttuɣa, min das-yejjin ijjen ubeddel di tekli-nnes (son comportement), mani i yemsar ijjen ubeddel-nneḍni deg yiles d tazriwin n ṣṣewt (cordes vocales) i d-iwwin awal d tutlayt ɣer midden.
Mamec yemsar ijjen useggem di tɣessa n midden d upursu-nnsen d lemfasel, min ten-yejjin ad uguren amen bedden, ad wten di tecli, ad ṭṭfen deg yeẓra d teɣrayin.
Xelli amenni, waxxa ibeddilen ijiniten-a ittemsazzalen ɛawen-aneɣ maḥend a nemsedder aked twennaḍt-nneɣ, maca imussnawen ttwalan belli manaya izemmar ad yerni deg yimizan (risques) maḥend ad ilin lehlakat ameknaw Alzheimer, taskizufrinit, amxumbel n usinasgum (bipolaire), sskʷar d lemfasel.
Xminni i nettxerres di min ixes ad yini “bnadem”? Lḥajet tamezwarut i d-ittasen ɣer leɛqel-nneɣ nettat d “abeddi x iḍaren“. Tewca ticli s ubeddi x tnayen n yiḍaren i lejdud-nneɣ ijjen lemziyyet, tɛawen-iten ḥuma ad smuttyen macca, ad sxedmen imassen, senni ad ḍefren ad gemren imudar imetlaɛ x lmijar d azegrar. Saqaren-d iwdan mamec ɣa zemmren ad kklen x tnayen n yiḍaren-nnsen deɣya deɣya zegga yemsebḍa jeddi-tneɣ ameqqran x icampanziyen. Deg wakud mani Homo Erectus izdeɣ tafrikt n usammer, ca n 1,9 melyun n iseggusa, ttuɣa yewdan bdan gguren x yiḍaren-nnsen nican.
Xenni, ttuɣa uɣil ad msaren ca n ibeddilen inatumiyen x uswir n ufud ḥuma ataf zemmren lejdud-nneɣ ad uguren x iḍaren. Fud n bnadem yegder x wenni n campanzi, yejhed s ca n tzeɣwin n yeɣsan d bukerkuc (cartilages) s zzyada ḥuma ad yili yejhed ufud, yemten.
Yeqqar Terence D Capellini, aprufisur n tebyulujit timṭewwert n yewdan di tesdawit n Harvard, ila “lmefsel n ufus ɣer campanzi ittemsebḍa s waṭṭas x lemfsel i ɣer-neɣ, minzi netta yeggur s lemfasel: netta wer ittbeddi ca x tnayen n iḍaren uca ibeṭṭa astal-nnes s umsebḍi”.
“Ammas n tsakayt (masse) aqqa-t s nnej i uyumes nican, senni ittumuttuy westal ɣer wadday n iḍaren-nneɣ ar ɣa yaweḍ ɣar ifadden-nneɣ. Ttwaxedmen ifadden-nneɣ ḥuma ad issehwa astal ɣer wadday.”
Yettwala Capellini ila wami fud ɣer-s lhimmet d tameqqrant ɣer bnadem, s uya nzemmer a naf ca n limart n uṭewwer-nnes deg ujinum. Deg ijjen tɣuri ittwaggen deg 2020, teksi-d tseḍma-nnes ca n teɣrasin (cellules) n bukerkuc zeg umziwed (embryon) n iɣerdayen d inni n yewdan amen ggamen. Yemmeksi-d bukerkuc deg wemkan d wakud mani yebda fus iggam, ikessi furma-nnes ɣer umziwed. Xenni, ksin-d taseddit n ADN n teɣrasin, d nitni rezzun x umi qqaren “imukan ittemsazzalen ɣer bnadem”, niɣ qqaren-as “Hars”.
Hars min xef nessawal d ca n ijinumen mani aseddi ittili d wenni s ixef-nnes – niɣ yerwes dag-s aṭṭas – ɣer icampanziyen d ca n markat-nneḍni n ibuɣas, waxxa tili ggʷjen aṭṭas x yewdan. S ijjen wawal-nneɣni, d yina d imuakn isebḥanen maḥend a nbeqqec x “ijiniten i daneɣ-yejjin d iwdan”.
Tessken-d tɣuri i yegga Capellini ila din aṭṭas n “Hars” i yellan deg isura iluganen ittkuntrulan furma n tebyulujit n ufud amen iggam. Deg wemkan ma ad as-ggen nican ikuden (les codes) i ipruṭinen, nettaf ila isura-nni iluganen d inni ittkunṭrulan wudem n ijiniten-nniḍen.
Isseplika Capellini manaya “mala ca n ujin (gène) yegga ameknaw bumbiya, aqqa asaru alugan yegga ameknaw asaru n tfawt”.
Amen tella d ijjen tseḍma ittkunṭrulan, ggin ijjen useddi n ADN n teɣrasin i d-yusin zeg iraqqen-nneḍni n tɣessa amen teggam, am tiɣmert (coude), ticɛebt n iɣallen. Drus n Hars i yufin di jjwayeh-a. Manaya ixes ad yini ila isura-nni ittkunṭrulan furma n ufus yemsar-asen ijjen uṭewwar deɣya ɣer bnadem mala nesmqudda-ten aked isura ittkunṭrulan imukan-nneḍni n tɣessa.
Waxxa amenni, yettban-d ila aḍuqqez-a n uṭewwer, yejja isura ad beddlen deɣya. Wami ifitcar Capellini ajinum n bnadem yeddren, ttuɣa din drus n wemsebḍi ajini deg “ibeddilten x furma n ufud”.
Manaya yettban-d ila lujik, minzi maḥend lejdud-nneɣ ataf zemmren ad uguren ixess-asen uɣil fud-a i ɣer-neɣ. Zegga iwweḍ uṭewwer ɣer ijjen uṭewwer ilaqen i furma n ufud, xenni ttuɣa arrimet-nneɣ wer teḥwij bu ca n ubeddil ad immerni ɛad.
Iwa, maca min iqqnen manaya aked lehlakat n bnadem? Waxxa, deg uzgen ameggaru n twafit, yeqqim Capellini d umeḥḍar-nnes n tɣuriwin i yuɛlan Daniel Richard xezzren di tɣuriwin i yeɛdan i ttuɣa iresmen ajinum n imehlak s ustiyupurus (ixsan imehcac), wa d ijjen lehlak i yetteggen leḥriq di lemfasel, issaẓaɣ-iten.
Ufin belli ijiniten i yetteggʷen furma n ufud deg imzuyad iggamen dewlen beddlen ɣer imehlak n tarḍubi n yeɣsan. Ittsemma, ijiniten-nni i daneɣ-ittɛawanen ɣer tecli x iḍaren qqnen ɣer lehlak-a n ustiyupurus.
“maḥend ad ittwabna ijjen ufud nican, kkin iplanuten n lebni-nnes x ijjen wefran yemɣer, s uya wer iḥwij ca ad ilin ca n isettiyen (mutations) nneḍni ɛad”. D aya i yeqqar lebda Capellini.
“Waxxa amenni, ca n isettiyen d imeẓẓyanen deg isura-ya ttawyen ɣer ca n furmat-nneḍni ttemsebḍan, niɣ ittawi ḥuma ad tbeddel tebyulujit n ufud waha s waṭṭas n tiɣisit. Tabyulujit-a tzemmer a x-as tḥekmed maḥend cek d ameẓẓyan, minzi tettilid tmeḥḍed s ipursuten, tzemmred ad tugured mliḥ. Maca xmi i tettwsired, tseḥḥid uca ddakkʷalen ipursuten-nnec ḍeɛcen, xenni furmat-a tina min xef nessiwel s nnej zemmren ad x-asen yegg ca n later.”
Alliten meɣren kṭer
Yemsar-asen i yewdan ijjen useddi n ubeddel ittemsazzalen i daneɣ-yewwin a nessemɣer zeg walli-nneɣ, akked waṭṭas n inyuruten i iraḥen ɣer teqcurt n walli taberranit – amkan manis ittmeggen bnadem mliḥ. Di tidett, tiddi n walli n bnadem tḍubla x rebɛa n twalatin di setta melyun useggʷas zegga icrek Homo di twalat tameggarut ijjen ujeddit icerken aked icampanziyen.
Xelli amenni, aṭṭas n ibeddilen ijinitiyen ittejjan ddegg-a n ibeddilen netteqqen-iten ɣer tutist d tskizufrint; alaḥsab ca n trezzutin timenɛadin.
Ameknaw n manaya, deg useggʷas n 2018, tnayen n tseḍmiwin n imrezzuten ufin ijjen twacunt n ijiniten, Notch2NL, ittiraren ijjen tilalt d tameqqrant di tyumi n teqcurt n walli ɣer yewdan min ttuɣa tzemmer ad ɣer-s tili d ijjen jjehd iɛerrnen di tyumi n walliten-nneɣ imeqqranen.
Abrid n weskan (signalisation) ‘Notch’ d ijjen usistim ittwassxdem ɣer imudar ḥuma ad kunṭrulan ufuɣ n teɣrasin tiẓeɣranin deg umezuyed, uca nxezzer ma ttemsebḍant, ggament ḥuma ad saqarent tiɣrasin tiẓeɣranin (cellules souches) d jjdid niɣ ttraḥent ad ilint d ca n teɣrasin ferzent niɣ ttmenttant. Xenni, ajin-nni iferzen n Notch2NL aqqa-t mɣar ɣer yewdan, wer yelli deg ADN n icampanziyen d leqrud-nneḍni imeqqranen.
Teqqar Sofie Salama, taselmadt n tebyulujit di tesdawit n California Santa Cruz i icerken deg ijjen teɣri n trezzut ila “isemmeḍ-aneɣ leɛjeb deg ufus xminni nxezzer tḥajit n Notch2NL, ila din ijjen temsart d tamezwarut aked jeddi-tneɣ icerken aked ugurilla, mani idubla ujin n Notch2 amezwaru.”
Aḍubli-nni agezman (segmentaire) n ujin d ijjen uparasyu i di ttkupyan ijjen ucwiḥ zeg ujinum. Ttawyen kupiya-nni ɣer ijjen wemkan-nneḍni n ujinum, tejja awern-as tnayen n icwiḥen mserwasen s waṭṭas n ADN.
Teqqar ɛawed Salama: “Ittban-d, awerni i ufessay-nneɣ, ila tamsart-a n wenqal amezwaru tegga am ca n ḥajet temmut wami i d-tiweḍ, uca ajin-nni n jjdid wer iwwiḍ ad yegg amkan-nnes, niɣ yegg-d ca n uprutiyin wer yersi.”
Uca, di ṭṭasilet n bnadem, jar tlata ar rebɛa melyun n useggʷas, yedwel ujin-nni imudifiya zi jjdid deg ijjen uparasyu umi neqqar “asmutti n ijiniten”. Twalat-a ttuɣa kupiya n jjdid txeddem mliḥ : Notch2NL.
Teqqar Salama: “D ijjen wakud d ameqqran zeg umezruy-nneɣ imṭewwer, minzi mala txezred deg warcif n yexsan qbel, xenni ad teẓred anict i yemsar usemɣer di tiddi n walli.”
I xenni, Mamec Notch2NL izemmer ad yawi ɣer ca n walliten d imeqqranen kṭer? Ajin-nni isɛeṭṭara zeg usmutti n teɣrasin tiẓeɣranin n teqcurt n walli ɣer inyurunen. Deg wemkan n uya, ttsiɣant tiɣrasin tiẓeɣranin ttemsebḍant, ttsaqarent-id tiɣrasin tiẓeɣranin-nneḍni. Uca manaya yewwi-aneɣ ad ilin aṭṭas n inyuruten d walli yemɣer.
Walli Notch2NL illan d ameknaw weḥḥed-s x ijiniten i ttuɣa ittkupiyan ɣer bnadem. Wwḍen imussnawen ad afen ca n 30 n tunɣilt (copies) n ijiniten i yellan ɣer yewdan waha. Ca zzag-sen ttpinsaren belli ddegg-a n ukupiya i daneɣ-yejjin a nili ammu neccin.
Ameknaw n uya, deg useggʷas n 2012, ca n imerzuten n usinag n Zuckerman n Colombia, ufin belli bnadem yeɛlem ijjen furma wer telli wer texliq n ujin SRGAP ggin-as isem SRGAP2C.
Ttiraren ijiniten n SRGAP ijjen tilalt d tameqqrant deg ukunṭruli n waṭṭas n yezdayen (connexions), umi neqqar ‘isinapsen’. Mani ijjen unyurun ibenna aṭṭas n teɣrasin tijiratin-nnes. Cḥal mma ca n unyurun ɣer-s asinaps-nnes, cḥal izemmer ad imsurruf aked waṭṭas n tumlayin (informations).
Ajin n jjdid SRGAP2C aqqa-t ɣer yewdan waha, izemmer ad igg aṭṭas n izdayen d waṭṭas n isinapsen kṭer zeg inyurunen.
Manaya i zi nzemmer a nefhem mayemmi alli-nneɣ yejhed anict uya, maca akupiya-nni n ijiniten i daneɣ-yewwin ɣer SRGAP2C d Notch2NL zemmren ad aneɣ-ggen aṭṭas n yemxumbal inyurupsikatriyen. Ameknaw n manaya, wami asetti (mutation) di jjihet n ujinum i yellan di Notch2NL qqnen cwayt ɣer yemxumbal n tyumi inyurulujiyen, zzay-sen TDAH, taskizufrinit, imxumbal n tutist, aɛḍab. Amek teqqar Salama d ismunen-nnes.
Iqqar Tony Capra, aselmad n Tipidimulujit di tesdawit n Californie, San Fransisco ila “mala texsed ad tsaqared aṭṭas n tjinatin, ixess-ac ad tkupiyad niɣ ad tneqled maḥend ad ɣer-k yili aṭṭas n tunɣilin i tzemmred ad tent-tesxedmed s merra.”
“Maca ɛawed, mala yemxumbel n ukuntruli-ya, zemmren ad ilin imxumbal s waṭṭas “.
Ameknaw n manaya, mala aseddi n ujin ikupiyan amenɛad imserwas aked wenni i das-yezwaren, zemmren ad issexsar tmacinat-nni i d-itteggen kupiyat n ijinumen-nneɣ. Manaya ismutti ijiniten, issadaf-iten di ca n imukan msebḍan, niɣ ittbeddal-asen amkan s ca n tebridin i wer kid-s d-ittisen. Ijiniten imɛawden dag-sen isedditen min ten-ittejjen ad mekksen niɣ ad mɛawaden amenni waha.
Zemmren ca n ijiniten ɛawed “i daneɣ-yejjin d iwdan” ad ilin di ca n iraqqen mani zemmren ad asen-imsar usmutti d ameqqran, manaya ixes ad yini ila nzemmer a nehlek. Deg ijjen tɣuri i yettwaggen deg useggʷas n 2022, yegga Craig Lowe, aprufisur n tjinitikt di tesdawit n Duke, ijjen usefsi n ujinum n bnadem maḥend ad yaf imukan ibeddlen zeg wami msebḍan lejdud-nneɣ x icimpanziyen. Yufa aṭṭas n imukan – qqaren-asen Hagers (“imukan n uṭewwer ittemsazzalen ɣer yewdan”) i yudfen deg usugur d tyumi n walli, ameknaw wami issemɣar aṭṭas n inyuruten.
Imukan-a aqqa-ten di ca n iraqqen dag-sen asetti d ameqqran, s manaya, alaḥsab Lowe, zemmren ad ggen imxumbar di tseṭṭa iṭewwren.
Iqqar Lowe “aqqa imukan ittemsazzalen deg uṭewwer ggin ameknaw lburmet n uṭewwer – ittsemma d imukan i di ittmun kulci, ittemxellaḍ dag-sen kulci.”
Yufa Lowe ila isettiyen-nni i yellan di Hagers qqnen ɣer tsikizufrinit d imuxmbal n usinasgum.
Zemmren ijinumen-a i daneɣ-ittejjan nehlek – minzi aṭewwer ijebbed arriment-nneɣ mani mma. Lehlak aɛeffan izemmren ad aneɣ-ileqf netta d axenzir niɣ lehlak n Alzheimer d Parkinson d Huntington. Axenzir netta d tyumi n ca n teɣrasin d jjdid iggamen bla kunṭrul, mani lehlakat-nneɣni qqnen ɣer lmewt n teɣrasin.
Ittsemma, manaya ixes ad yini ila imukan ig ihelken d nitni i ttuɣa iṭewwren, manaya ixes ad yini ɛawed ila wer ɣer-neɣ bu akud ḥuma a nebna ca n igeddimen i daneɣ ɣa yeḥdan zi ddegg-a.
Xelli amenni, tawennaḍt i di nettedder lextu wer terwis ca di tenni i di ttuɣa ddren lejdud-nneɣ.
Iqqar Capra “niweḍ a nbeddel a negg tawennaḍt-nneɣ s tazzla, aya imsizzel kṭer zeg wakud i ixess ad yeksi uṭewwer.”
“Manaya izemmer ad yegg ijjen tsellya tbeṭṭa tnayen n wakuden-a minzi min ttuɣa yemsaren, ass-a wer ilaq i tudert-nneɣ tamaynut.”
Mala nessen lextu mamec tteggen ijiniten shellaken-aneɣ ataf nzemmer a zzag-sen neggenfa. Ca zzag-sen raḥen ggʷjen, qqaren ila izemmer ad aneɣ-yawi ɣer ijjen wakud d jjdid n tesnijjit: mani nzemmer a nessexdem isafaren i kul wudem ajini weḥḥed-s. Maca inniḍen, kessin ḥadur-nnsen kṭer.
Iqqar Capra: “ttwaliɣ belli aṭewwer d ijjen tmuɣli ad aneɣ-tenfeɛ aṭṭas ḥuma a nessen man ifayyuten ittemsaren, melmi d mamec d mayemmi.
Maca mayemmi i hellken iwdan aṭṭas, manaya iqqen nican ɣer ttahellu-nnsen di seḥḥet, ma din macca tasebḥant d waman imezdiga- d wa d amkan min xef ɣa nessreɣ tifawin d amezwaru.