Min ttuɣa icerken ḥeṭṭu n tleɣwin d ict teṭyurirt d tagrawlit x leɛqel n uḥḍiḍ?
Tettic tudert d lexdayem n Jean Piaget ijjen temrarut iknan x useqsi-ya. Zeg ufurmasyu i yesseɛda di tebyulujit ɣer ijjen zeg ipsikulugen imeqqranen di lqern wis ɛecrin, yewweḍ Piaget ad ibeddel lfihem-nneɣ ɣer mamec nettwala axarres d welmad n iḥenjiren imeẓẓyanen.
Yettwaḥsab adlis-nnes “tasikulujit n uḥenjir” i yura aked ucrik-nnes Barbel Inhelder d ijjen zi tḥenya timeqqranin n uselmed atrar n tepsikulujit n tgumi. Deg wartikel-a iggur ad nenḍar ijjen lxezrat x mamec ibeddel ubyulujist-a aswisri tmuɣli tasegmant.
D ijjen zeg imerzuten imezwura
Ilul Jean Piaget di 9 ɣuct 1896 di Neuchâtel, di Swisra. Umi igga 11 useggʷas, ttuɣa Piaget ifser artikel-nnes amassan amezwaru x ijjen wejḍiḍ d albinu i ttuɣa yeẓra deg ijjen tebḥirt ṭṭerf-nnes.
Tḥajit-a wer tesseḍḥik ca waha; maca temmal-d taynit iqeḍɛen n Piaget d mamec iḥeṭṭa agama, min t ɣa yejjen ad icuqq abrid-nnes n trezzut, tudert-nnes amen tekmel.
Umi yemɣer, yebda ifesser tira-nnes x tleɣwin, aya i t-iwwin ḥuma ad iksi dduktura-nnes di tussna tagamant d netta ila ɛad ɣer-s 21 n useggʷas.
Amen ttuɣa ittalleɣ di tebyulujit, ibda Piaget itterra taynit i ca n iseqsiten d imiriwen x tussna d leɛqel n bnadem.
D aya i t-yejjin ḥuma ad ibeddel iger n teɣri-nnes, idwel igewwed yiman-nnes ɣer tepsikulujit d tepstimulujit, i di ɣa yedwel d ijjen zeg izumal n tussniwin-a.
Zi tebyulujit ɣer tepsikulujit n uḥenjir
Yexdem Piaget di Paris aked Théodore Simon, wenn ttuɣa yettɛwanen Alfred Binet, wenn iggin itisten n tiɣist.
Xenni, iwweḍ Piaget ɣer ijjen tmeslayt s lhimmet-nnes: xmi xeṭṭan iḥenjiren deg itisten-nni n tiɣist, ttilint timrarutin-nnsen banent kter zi mala errin-d nican.
Zeg ifayuten-nni, ikumasa Piaget ad ifekker ila iḥenjiren wer ttxemmimen ca amek ttxemmamen imeqqranen, maca ttekken x ijjen useddi imebḍa amen ggamen.
Ittwala Piaget belli aḥenjir maci d ijjen “wergaz d ameẓẓyan”: maca netta ittxemmam s ijjen tebridt imsebḍan. Manaya i t-iwwin ḥma ad yerẓem tawwurt ḥuma ad igg taṭyurirt-nnes i yeqqnen ɣer tgumi takugnitift.
Rebɛa n isuraf n tgumi takugnifit
Issiwel Piaget x rebɛa n tferkiwin d timeqqranin i yeqqnen ɣer tgumi takugnifit:
- Taferkiwt n ufrayuhezzi (0-2 iseggusa): Da, ibeddan iḥenjiren ttessnen amaḍal s ifrayen-nnsen d unhezzi-nnsen afizik. Di tferkiwt-a, ssyamen ijjen tmeslayt umi neqqar “talebdant n tmeslayin” i ixsen ad tini belli tteɛqaben fehhmen ila timeslayin ttɣimant lebda waxxa wer tent-nettwili ca.
- Taferkiwt n dat i wumhil (2-7 iseggusa): Beddan da iḥenjiren sxeddamen iles d izumal, maca axemmem-nnsen yettɣima d igusuntrik. Ijjen umeknaw x manaya, umi yerra taynit Piaget i yelli-s tessawal di tilifun, uca tettɣil ila wenn min ked tessawal ula d netta yettwala min tettwala nettat, mani da, aḥenjir wer ifehhem ca mliḥ ɛad mamec ttwalan inneɣni timeslayin.
- Tafrekiwt n temhal tislawin (7-11 iseggusa) Ttkumasan iḥenjiren ttxemmamen s llujik di ca n tmeslayin zzat-nnsen. Da, Piaget, yegga ijjen tqellabut-nnes i yettwassnen aṭṭas, mani ca n uḥenjir ixess-as ad yeḥkem x cḥal n waman i yellan di tnayen n lkisan msebḍan di furma-nnsen waxxa nitni kessin kifkif. Da, iwweḍ ad issen ila iḥenjiren fehmen ila waxxa furma temsebḍa, aman ttɣiman d inni nitni wer ttbeddilen.
- Taferkiwt n temhal n furmat (12 n iseggusa s nnej) di tferkiwt-a tameggarut, ttekkʷaḍen iḥenjiren ad xemmemn s ijjen tebridt d tazulalt, dag-s llujik, mani i d-ittban uxemmem amassan d umaṭimaṭik.
Amiṭuḍ aklinik di uḥeṭṭu n nican.
Icten zi twafitin n Piaget wami ttuɣa isxeddam amiṭuḍ akilinik, i yebnan x uḥeṭṭu d umseqsi innurẓmen aked iḥenjiren, bla ma ad din ilint timrarutin qqaɛ.
Tamladast-a tejj-it ad yessen mamec iḥenjiren bennan tussna-nnsen deg wemyaɣ aked umaḍal i dasen-d-yunuḍen.
Yettwala Piaget belli timessna maci d ijjen unejmeɛ n tmegga waha, maca aqqa d amyaɣ jer uḥenjir d twennaḍt.
Piaget zeg uɣezdis-nnes, yettwala ila timessna nettakkʷaḍ ɣer-s s tnayen n isura: Uḍuf, xmi issadaf uḥenjir merra timessna i d-ijmeɛ deg icimaten-nnsen i yeɛlem, d weɛdal i t-ittejjan ad yeɛdel timessna-nnsen ɛlaḥsab min x-as ikkin d tiqellabutin d timaynutin.
Tusurt x uselmed
Lxedmet i yegga Piaget tejja ict tusurt tulleɣ x tpidagujit. Tiṭiyurin-nnes qqarent ila aselmed maci d ijjen tmeslayt i yeggin am ufilu ad t-nessehwa x merra iḥenjiren, maca yettwala ila mkul aḥenjir d mant tferkiwin n tgumi-nnes takugnifit.
Yeqqar ɛawed ila iḥenjiren ixess ad ten-nejj ad ssnen nnit xmi i dasen ɣa newwec tiqellabutin i yemsebḍan.
Yettwala ɛawed ila iselmaden ɣer-sen ijjen tilalt d tameqqrant minzi ttgewwaden iḥenjiren maḥend ad bnan tussna-nnsen nnit. Mamec i d-issiwel ula x tlelli n welmad. Mani yettɣil belli awettas n uselmed d mamec i ɣa nesmutteg iwdan zemmren ad ggen ca n tmeslayin d jjdid, maci a nɛawed min ttuɣa tteggent tisatalin i yezwaren.
S ijjen wawal-nneḍni, aselmed ixess ad yili d ict temhelt i yettcejjaɛen asenflul d uxerres akritik, maci ameḥḍar ad yeḥfeḍ waha. Amec tt-inna netta s ixef-nnes : “Merra min nesslmad i uḥenjir, nettegg-it ḥuma wer t-nettejji ad isaqar niɣ ad yaf ca”.
Ɛad kessin zi teṭyurin-nnes
Xelli ca zeg iɣezdisa n teṭyurit-nnes ɛawden-as aseggem aked tugurt n tussna n lɛasab d tepsikulujit tamaynut, waxxa lwert-nnes ɛad kessin zzag-s.
Ixemmimen-nnes x tgumi n uḥenir d lhimmet d usidef n uselmed aked min itteḥwaja uḥenjir ɛad tteggen later x tpidagujit tamaynut.
Ḥeṭṭu-nnes ilaqen yessiweḍ-it ad yessen mliḥ mamec bennan iḥenjiren tussna-nnsen.