Xmi nettessen ca n tmeslayin d jjdid deg umaḍal agaman, ittegg-aneɣ uyenni ticarraw, drus n tmeslayin-nneɣni i daneɣ-itteggen amenni.
Ticarraw-a maci ḥa n imiɣisen i yettssnen mamec tteggen ttakkʷaḍen ɣer-sent waha.
Aya d ijjen plizir, zemmren a ɣer-sen awḍen merra iwdan.
Fekker deg wakud-nni i di ɣa tfehmed ca n twafit di twalat tamezwarut, minzi ijjen niɣ aṭṭas n imiɣisen wcin tudert-nnsen d wul-nnsen d buḥbel-nnsen ḥuma ad fekken twafit-a.
Tiweḍ tussna ɣer ijjen umures (succès) d ameqqran di min iqqnen ɣer trezzut, maca aṭṭas n iseqsan ttɣiman uglen.
Aṭṭas zeg iseqsan-a d iqdimen, ca zzag-sen banen-d aked mamec neccin nettessen tussniwin-nniḍen: anict i tettessned ca n tmeslayin, d anict i tettessned ila wer tessined walu ɛad.
Zi mamec ttɣimant backliṭat beddent, wer weṭṭint ar nnumrawat imezwura i wer nfehhem mliḥ, uca aqqa din ijjen ukyanus (océan) n min wer ittwissnen.
D ijjen ḥajet d aweḍḍer. Ixess iseqsan wer qeṭṭin, maci ḥa s minzi ittili dag-sen usitem n temrarut, maca amek yeqqar ufilusuf Thomas Hobbes; tafdawit (la curiosité) nettat i yellan d ccehwet n buḥbel.
Maca, mamec nzemmer a nixḍar xemsa zeg iseqsan-a waha?
Iwa, qa manaya di tilawt, nufa dag-s aṭṭas n taqsuḥi, nxarres mliḥ mliḥ, uca zi senni nixḍar amenni waha.
Minzi ittwagg weɣrad (univers) ?
Aqqa aɣrad s ixef-nnes d tala n iseqsan: Min ttuɣa yellan qbel ma ad yili; ma ttuɣa-t d aqemqam waha niɣ wer ittsili; ma ttuɣa-t weḥḥed-s niɣ aked ca n ḥajet nniḍen…
Maca mayen yellan d afdaw (curieux), imussnawen yallah wwḍen ad fehmen agama n 05% zi tuskiwt-nnes.
Xelli wer ttuɣi walu qaɛ.
Nessawal da x watumen (atomes), d minzi ttwaggen – iprutunen, iliktrunen d iniyutrunen – Ddegg-a n iniyutrinen, ddegg-a n iferdisen ittenḥruṭṭufen, izemmren ad celxen tametta (matière) (waxxa d Tamurt amen tekmel) axmi wer dag-s walu qaɛ.
Merra manaya yettban-aneɣ-d nurmal luxa, maca ixess-aneɣ a nessekti, ila axarres n “watum” (atome) ittwazemmem zi lqern wis xemsa qbel i Ɛisa, aqqa d igrikiyen i das-wcin isem-a wa, maca aqqa di beddu n lqern tseɛṭac mani iwweḍ ukimyawi John Dalton ad issgem ijjen wanẓa (argument) i t-yewwin maḥend ad yini belli ila kul tametta dag-s ca n imursuten d itumen d imeẓẓyanen qbala wer ttemsebḍin.
Zeg wakud-nni, aṭṭas n iseqsan ufin-asen timrarutin.
Maca qa din ijjen twafit tameqqrant ɛad aqqa-tt din, d tiddi-nnes: minzi tettwagg 95% zi tiddi-nnes i yeqqimen wer tt-nessin?
Min nessen, ila ca n 27M% yettwagg s ijjen tmetta d taberkant.
Aya yettwaff di twalat tamezwarut aseggʷas n 1933, ixeddem amekaw ijjen uselɣaɣ (kula) i wer itteḍharen itteqqnen igalaksiyen d ijjen tseḍma n igalaksiyen.
Nessen ila din ijjen umladas, minzi din ijjen tsakayt (masse) d ijjen jjehd n unejbed (gravité), i nzemmer a neɛber xmi i d-ijebbed 5% zi min nessen.
Uca qa muntu-ya (manteau) i wer nettwili, i yeggin ca n ddeg, ittegg kter niɣ qel zi 68% zeg weɣrad : yinirji taberkant.
Aya nessen-it luxa neccin zi 1998.
Qqaren imussnawen ila manaya yegga ameknaw ca n watir (éther), ittɛemmren asayrar (espace) uca ittejja anejbed n weɣrad ɣar ijjen tazzla d tameqqrant aṭṭas.
Ijjen cwayt kter zi manaya.
Din aṭṭas n ipuṭisen (hypothèses) maca awerni i waṭṭas n iseggusa n trezzut, twafit-a ɛad qa-t tella.
Mamec i d-tlul tudert?
Mala yusa-ac-d awal n “lmerq amezwaru” ɣer leɛqel-nnec, ixess ad tessned ila aqa-c x webrid isebḥen.
Wanita d ipuṭis ittwannan deg iseggusa n 1920 zɣer Alexander Oparin di tmurt n URSS d umussnaw ajinitiki abriṭani JBS Haldane, taṭyurit-nnsen d tenni ittemḥizwaren, tettxes ad tewwec timrarutin aked waṭṭas zi tinniḍen.
Qqaren belli tamurt wami i tt-ttuɣa d taḥudrit, ttuɣa ikyanusen ɛemmren s ifarsen ikimawiyen (produits chimiques) i ɣer yella lhimmet i tudert; uca s ijjen uxelleṭ n ugaz deg watmusfir (atmosphère) d yinirji n wassamen, d isemmamen iminiyen (acides aminés) d yina d iferdisen i yeggin ipruṭiyinen.
Axarres-a aqqa-t ɣer waṭṭas n imussnawen d wenni isseplikan mamec i d-tban tudert x tmurt.
Maca maci merra iwdan qebblen ddeg-a n usplika.
Di min iqqnen ɣert tudert, wer din bu ca n wemsasa (accord) x wemkan mani tkumasa.
Din imrezzuten i yettɣilen belli aya yemsar di lebḥer, ca nniḍen di tmedwin ijyuṭirmiyen (géothermique), niɣ deg wedfel niɣ yeggʷej qqaɛ x tmurt (yemsar manaya aked tɛejjajt i d-yusin zɣer berra ameknaw isefḍawen).
Maca melmi? Hmm … Wer nessin ca nican ɛawed: Akud n ukumasi n tudert wer t-nessin.
Ijjen lḥajet waha i nessen miya di mya, manaya yuqeɛ zegga i tesmutteg (la formation) tmurt, ca n 4,5 n imelyaren n iseggusa, qbel i 3,4 n imelyaren n iseggusa, akud mani nufa tiɣziwin tiqdimin qaɛ.
Maca amikanizem ɛad yemxumbel.
Zemmren ad munen isemmamen iminiyen ḥma ad ilin d ipruṭinyen, maca aya wer ittwassen ca anict i yettwasen ipuṭis i yeqqaren ila tudert tebda aked ARN, i yudsen s waṭṭas i ADN, i izemmren ad kupiyan niɣ ad smuttyen ijiniten, ittneḍfas ixeddem ameknaw ijjen yenzim.
Ijjen uxarres-nniḍen, aqqa urganizmen imezwura ttuɣa-ten d ufraren (simple) nniɣ ggin am tibergemin (bulles d’eau), uca qa din ca n “prutu-teɣrasin” i ixeddmen ameknaw ijjen ukuntunar (conteneur) i iferdisen n tudert.
S uya, wer din bu ca n wemsasa x temrarut x ijjen zeg iseqsiten i yuɣban di tussna.
Ɛad wer nezɛim a nesseqsa aseqsi-ya: Mayemmi i tebda tudert?
Min daneɣ-ittejjan d “iwdan”?
Wa d ijjen useqsi, yedwel yeqqseḥ luxa a x-as d-nerr.
Qbel, ila din ca n yemẓriten (aspects) i d-ittbanen axmi n yewdan waha: Awal, xmi i nettakez ixef-nneɣ xmi i nettwala ixef-nneɣ di tisit, tizemmar a d-nexleq imassen, ad ten-nessexdem, niɣ a nfekk imxumbal.
Maca imudar ameknaw pulpu d ibaɣliwen, maḥend ad neydar ḥa tnayen idsen waha, kksen ddeg-a n luɛla i zi d-nxezzer ɣer ddegg-a n tmeslayin.
Zeɛma ad yili d ADN?
Ixess-aneɣ a nessen belli ajinum n bnadem yerwes di 99% di wenni n ucampanzi, amuder-a i yessiggʷden aṭṭas n midden wami yenna Charles Darwin belli qa netta izemmer ad yili zi twacunt-nneɣ.
S tidett, alli-nneɣ d ameqqran x wenni i yellan ɣer uzgen ameqqran n uimudar: nzemmer a nini ila neccin ɣer-neɣ inyurunen kter s tlata n twalatin x inni i yellan ɣer igurillaten.
Maca ɛawed ijjen am udenfil (éléphant) alli-nnes kṭer zzag-neɣ, tamrarut wer telli ca da.
Luxa wer qqimen ḥa iseqsan, iseqsan waha.
Ma manaya yeqqen ɣer teqcurt n walli-nneɣ tamugdart? niɣ ɣer yekmez-nneɣ ittneḍfasen? Niɣ yedles-nneɣ, niɣ mamec nettegg nessenwa, mamec nettemsurruf aked tmessi? Ma ɣer uswizi, d uɛawen di tzemmar?
Niɣ ad yili d merra manaya i zzag-neɣ yeggin d iwdan niɣ d isellaben (dominants) waha ?
Min yeɛna wefrak ?
Ammu waha, yedwel afrak (conscience) d netta i daneɣ-yejjin a nili d iwdan, maca qa yeqqseḥ a nessen bla ma a nefhem min iɛna manaya.
Urgan (niɣ agmam) n wefrak, amek qqaren imussnawen, wer ittili ḥa d alli n bnadem, d tameslayt i yemxumblen aṭṭas deg weɣrad-nneɣ: dag-s ca n 100 melyar n teɣrasin tiɛsabiyin ittenhezzan lebda, ttkunṭrulant lexdayem tibyulujiyin i daneɣ-ittɛawnen ḥuma a nfekker.
D aya i daneɣ-ittejjan a nxarres deg imeslan (sons), a nekḍu merra min d-ittekken zi twennaḍt, a nklasa tumlayin ɛawed.
Aked uya, izemmer ad aneɣ-yejj a nebḍa jar min yellan d tidett d min illan d fayyu; a nxayel aṭṭas n isinaryuten i daneɣ-ɣa-iɛawnen ḥuma a neqqim nedder.
Aya maci ḥa d urdinatur, maca qa kter zzags.
Manaya ittic-aneɣ ijjen tudert n daxel: Walli ḥa nettfekker waha, maca qa nettessen belli nettfekker.
Mamec netterra ixarrisen-nneɣ d izulalen (abstraits)?
Mamec ddat-nneɣ tettaru-d tterjiba n yili-nneɣ?
Netta afrak d wenni i daneɣ-issebḥaḍen kter deg walli, mamec i das-ittegg? imken wa d ijjen useqsi ɛemmers a x-as d-nerr ɛad.
Mayemmi i netturja?
Imussnawen n yiḍes qqaren belli nettruja di tefrekt n inhezziten n tiṭṭawin ittazzlen (REM) n yiḍes. Maca mayemmi xmi netturja yettɣima d twafit.
Yettwala Sigmund Frued belli xmi wer nettikkʷiḍ ca a negg s imezran-nneɣ, da i netturja. Ca zzag-sen, qqaren belli turja d ttsawar ttwaxḍaren-d ssa d ssa zeg walli xmi i yezgenfa.
Ca n tɣuriwin-nniḍen ttwalant belli turja zemmrent ad ggent isiḍ x twengimt, almad n twacitin. Zemmren ad aneɣ-ɛawnen a nzgenfa zi sstris n ussan n lebda.
Turja d ijjen umikanizem i zi nettenjim zi lxaṭar i yettemsaren di tudert. Niɣ turja zemmrent ad ilin ḥa d anhezzi d ameẓẓyan n walli-nneɣ amen neṭṭes neccin.
Mala nxes a neksi iwalen n Calderon de la Barca : turjatin ggint ameknaw tudert, d turja waha, turja tettɣima d turja.
Tala: BBC Mundo