Yura Ubyuluji ittwassnen Charles Darwin ca n tira issek-itent i ijjen umeddukel-nnes x uxarres-nnes mamec i tebda tudert x tmurt. Taṭyurit n Darwin maci ɣir nican waha, maca tizzar i zzman-nnes s lqern alaḥal.
Waxxa amussnaw abyuluji ameqqran Charles Darwin ɣer-s ca n ixarrisen ttwassnen deg umaḍal, zeg ixarrisen-a nnes nettaf taṭyurit-nnes x uṭewwer s tebridt n wefran agaman (Natural Selection). Taṭyurit-a temmal-aneɣ-d aṭṭas n wudmawen x min nessen x tudert x Tmurt. Mamec netta imuqqel mliḥ di ca n iseqsan nniḍen i yeqqnen ɣer tmeslayt-a tanita. Deg ijjen tebrat yura-t s umarri i ijjen umeddukel-nnes, Darwin issiwel x mamec tili tzemmer tudert tebda x Tmurt-nneɣ. Awerni ca n 150 iseggusa, tabrat-nni i yura dag-s aṭṭas n tmuɣliwin min xef bedden imussnawen menbeɛd.
Di beddu, ixess-aneɣ ad nini ila Darwin maci netta d amezwaru i d-issersen taṭyurit n uṭewwer (la théorie de la révolution) n ddwab iddren (les espèces vivantes). Axarres n ubeddel n tefras n imudar d lmal aked lweqt, ameknaw amdeɣ (Girafe) umi yiri-nnes izzuggaret zi qbel, axarres rẓin x-as tiɣmest aṭṭas di lqern n tseɛṭac.
Maca axarres ameqqran n Darwin di tmeslayt-a tanita umi i daneɣ-d-immla tabridt n uṭewwer s ixef-nnes, umi neqqar afran agaman (la sélection naturelle). Tabridt-a ta teqqar ila imudar (les animaux) ig illan zi lwacun d ijjen, ttemḥizwaren x macca d tzeddiɣt, ɛawed x tezmart x-nnsen x umsaraw. Tifras-nnsen tisebḥanin ttmuttuyent zi tasatc ɣer tenniḍen, ḥuma ad ilint ttwaferzent kṭer. S uya, mala amdeɣ (girafe) ɣer-s ijjen yiri d azegrar, ataf imdaɣ nniḍen ula d nitni ad ɣer-sen ilin iri d azegrar zi tasatc awerni tenniḍen. Ar ɣa yaweḍ iri-nnes x mamec illa lux. D manaya i d-immel Darwin deg udlis-nnes ittwassnen « aẓur n yinawen» (L’Origine des espèces) i d-iffɣen deg useggas n 1859.
Waxxa amenni, taṭyurit n Darwin tewca ijjen ufuṭu d amiriw x mamec tebda tudert di tmurt. Mamec daneɣ-teqqar taṭyurit-a ila qa imudar mladasen ɣer wayawa s ijjen tebridt temsebḍa, nitenti marra idsent ttɛeqqabent ɣer ijjen waẓur.
Aked manaya, min ɣa neksi zi teṭyurit-a ila imudar ffɣen-d merra zi ca n imudar nniḍen ɣer-sen ijjen waẓur d ijjen. Aẓur-nni icerken n merra imudar-a ittwassen s yisem n « Luqa », idder kṭer zi 3.5 Melyar n useggas. Zegga Tamurt-nneɣ teksi talɣa-nnes.
Waxxa amenni, taṭyurit n uṭewwer wer daneɣ-tettic ca n ineɣmisen (informations) x mamec teksi tudert furma-nnes tamezwarut x tmurt, maca tessawal x mamec ittbeddal ufuṭu n yiḍ-a di tudert, d mayemmi ittemsar manayenni ?
Mamec tebda tudert ?
Amec yettwassen ila tiɣuriwin i yeqqnen ɣer iẓuran n tudert wer bdin ɣir deg iseggusa n xemsin zi lqern i yeɛdun. Qbel ad tas lweqt-nni, aṭṭas n imussnawen ttɣilen ila tudert tebda deg igaruten (océans) imeqqranen. Axarres min xef bnan nitni umi ttuɣa ttwalan ila tmettiwin (les matières) tikimawyin ittwaxdmen s ukarbun tetbda di tmurt zic, xenni yefsi akarbun-a di tmurt, maḥend ad yedwel d ijjen tmetti d tamugdart tesnemmes (centralisé). Qqaren-as « taḥrirt tamezwarut ». Taṭyurit-a ta tettwagg deg iseggusa n ɛecrin zi lqern i yeɛdun x ufus n ijjen umussnaw d Asuvyati ttlaɣan-as Aliksander Ubarin. Deg useggas n 1953, ijjen umeḥḍar d Amarikani qqaren-as Stanley Miller yenna belli tuɣa zemmren ad ilin isemmamen Iminiyen (acides aminés) d ilajuren imeqqranen n Iprutinen, deg ijen ugaru deg uɣlaf n ujenna imezwura.
I waṭṭas n iseggusa, ttuɣa ttɣilen ila tudert tebda deg igaruten, maca manaya zzat-s ijjen umxumbel. Umi qgaru d ameqqran aṭṭas ixess ad ilint timettiwin-nni tikimawiyen d timeqqranin ɛawed ḥuma ad afent amkan-nnsent di tisi n igaruten, niɣ ad mweḍḍarent deg ugaru i waṭṭas n iseggusa ɛad i ɣa afent ayawya.
Teqqar Claudia Bunivyu, zeg ulabarṭwar n MRC i Tebyulujit di temdint n Kambridej di tjeldit imunen (UK) : « mala nekker a nessiwel x manaya, ataf ɣer-neɣ aṭṭas n waman d tzegnan (des parties) udrusent aṭṭas ».
Zeg ixarrisen nniḍen i d-ttemrusan, xminni qqaren ca zzag-sen aweddi qa tudert tebda di ca n ixubac d Ihidru-rɣan, am yenni yellan deg wemkan umi ttlaɣan « tamdint iweḍḍren », i yellan deg wammas n ugaru Aṭlantik. Din i d-ḍḍuqquzen ca n waman ḥman ccuren s lmeɛden, ttekken-d zi tisi n lebḥer ḥma ad cuqqen abrid-nnsen jar iẓra d waddaren, tteggen ca n furmat am tiqesbin n jjir s ucemlal. Ixubac-a ina d tala d tameqqrant i yinirji akimawi, izemmren ad tili tewca macca tamezwarut i tilitin iddren(les êtres vivants) i d-ibanen x tmurt. Maca ijjen tɣuri d tamquddayt (comparative) tettwafser di Mayyu n useggas i yeɛdan (2020), tenna belli ɛad wer nkunfirmi ca ila ixubac-nni ihidru-rɣan zemmren ad wcen isemmamen Iminiyen niɣ ddsas aɛeqqay, ina s tnayen idsen ɣer-sen lhimmet-nnsen ḥuma ad tili tudert x ufuṭu i nessen lux. Merra manaya ad aneɣ-yerr ɣer Darwin d tira i yessek i umeddukel-nnes.
Tabrat i umeddukel
Waxxa netta Darwin netta deg idlisen-nnes wer issiwel ca x tmuɣli-nnes i mamec tebda tudert, maca ttuɣa ɣer-s ca n ixarrisen deg yiger-a, i yebḍa aked ca n imeddukal-nnes. Ixarrisen-a aqqa-yen di tebrat ig issek i umeddukel-nnes i ɣer-s yudsen amussnaw n ugama Joseph Dalton Hooker deg useggas n 1871. Ittsemma ca n 150 iseggusa zeg wami.
Darwin wer ikeṭṭer bu deg wawal aṭṭas di tebrat-a, dag-s rebɛa n igeṭṭumen waha, iqseḥ bnadem ad t-iɣer minzi lxeṭṭ n Darwin yegga am ifilan n artila imxumblen. Awarni ijjen temssizwarut d tameẓẓyant, i di yessiwel x ca n ttajarib i ttuɣa ittegg Darwin x leɛfen, immel-d wergaz ibedduten x mamec tebda teḍher-d tudert x tmurt. Yenna : « Aṭṭas qqaren ila merra tifadiwin (conditions) maḥend ad d-iban ca n yili idder (être vivant) aqqa-yent lux, tifadiwin-a zemmrent ad ilint qbel. Maca mala nxayel ijjen tamda d tameẓẓyant s waman rɣan, dag-s ifurma n Amuniya, tisent n ufusfur d tfawt d tirɣi d Trisinti.. Marra manaya izemmer ad aneɣ-d-iwwec ijjen wuddis (complexe) d Aprutini d Akimawi, izemmer ad yili yewjed ḥuma ad ilin ibeddilen nniḍen ixxumblen. Mala yemsar manaya deg wakud-nneɣ, timetti-ya ad tettwaẓemm xenni. Qbel ttuɣa wer izemmer ad yili ḥuma ad furman iliten iddren ».
Yewwi-d Rebbi ixess ad nfekk cwayt iseṭṭiren maḥend ad ten-nefhem. Kessin aṭṭas n ixarrisen i yeggin lḥesran jar-asen. Ittban-d axmi Darwin ittxarres di lfaraḍiya-nnes d netta ittar-itt x tewriqt. Waxxa amenni, Axarres ameqqran-nnes ttuɣa-t sampl.
Darwin urid yeqqar ila tudert tebda deg ugaru maca deg ijjen tamda d tameẓẓyant teccur s tmettiwin tikimawyin, aqqa-t x tmurt. D ta mi qqaren « taḥrirt tamezwarut ». Darwin ixes ad yini s manaya belli tamda dag-s ijjen lemziyyet wer telli deg ugaru, tamda ihwen ad dag-s fesyent timettiwin-a xmi ɣa bexxren waman s leḥmu n tfukt deg uzil. X manaya, timetti takimawit i zi ɣa tebda tudert ad tili tujed, minzi ataf izemmer ad yedder ɛlaxaṭer din Tfawt, tirɣi d yinirji akimawi.
Waxxa ixarrisen n Darwin ttbanen-d d unqisen, maci urid ad t-nezzem x manaya. Minzi netta yura manaya qbell imussnawen ad ssnen DNA, niɣ qbel ma ad fehmen ibyulujyen mamec xeddment ljinat, deg ijjen lweqt ɛawed ila din aṭṭas n tayyut x mamec xeddmen tisulal (les cellules) iddren zi daxel. Di lweqt i ttuɣa yettɣil Darwin ila tudert tebda s ijjen marka n Uprutin, di lweqt-nni ttuɣa wer issin ḥedd min txes ad inin Iprutinen, ɛawed ttuɣa wer ssinen ila uddisen-a tteggen ca n sslasel zeg isemmamen Iminiyen ɣir deg useggas n 1902.
Waxxa amenni yettɣima uxarres ameqqran i d-issers Darwin ɛad nzemmer ad dag-s nemharwaḍ ad dag-s nerzu di lweqt-a. Imerzuten ttwalan belli d wenni d asseplika asebḥan i yellan jar ifassen-nneɣ i daneɣ-itticen tmuɣli x mamec tedba tudert.
Tirɣi d Tfawt
Zeg imerzuten i yxeddmen di trezzutin-nnsen x uxarres n beddu n tudert deg ijjen temda n waman, nettaf Lena Vincent zi tesdawit n Wisconsin-Madison Tamarikant. Waxxa nettat tennurẓem x ixarrisen nniḍen tteffin deg yiger-a. Tamerzzut-a tettxes ad texleq ca n Tkimawyin izemmren ad ggent ikupiten i yixef-nnsent d nitenti d jjmaɛet. Maḥend a nessfhem axarres-nnes ad nawi tnayen n tmettiwin tikimawyin, nzemmer ad tent-nsemma s « A » d « B » , kul icten zzag-sen tzemmer ad texleq tenniḍen, ittsemma « A » ad ixleq « B » niɣ lɛakes. Tyuya-ya n tmettiwin tikimawyin zemmrent ad msarawent zeg ixef-nnsent, waxxa kul icten zzag-sent wer tzemmer ad tt-tegg i yixef-nnes.
Vincent tettegg ttajarib-nnes x ijjen lmeɛden, teqqar Vincent belli mala timetti takimawit mala tettwagg s nnej i yijj planca n lmeɛden « trenni deg uḥadi n wayawa ». Tikimawyin-a tina ataf deɣya lessqent di lmeɛden. Nettat d imeddukal-nnes qqaren ttɣilen ila manayenni ittic « tawennaḍt i yettḥwaja bnadem, ḥuma ad yebda ad ittwala izumal n uparasyu amezwaru n uṭewwar n iliten iddren ». Amek yettwassen, timedwin ittili dag-sen timettiwin turganin ameknaw abellaɛ d uselsal.
Din ijjen uxarres xeddmen x-as ca n Ilimaniyen, ina ttwalan belli timedwin, xmi ttɛemmarent s waman, xekkʷant s tzawa, ittejja ijjen later d ameqqran x tmettiwin tikimawiyin i yettxessan ḥuma ad tili tudert. S uya imerzuten ttqellaben ḥuma ad saqaren rebɛa n tlajurin i zi yebna « DNA». Ijjen qqaren-as John Sutherland ixdem deg ulaburaṭwar n « MRC » di temdint n Kampridej x manaya nit. Maca iwweḍ s ṭṭya s-nnej ibanafsajiyen ad isaqar tnayen waha zi Tlajurin-a.
Ad neɛqeb ɣer Ilimaniyen-nni i d-isaqaren rebɛa nni n tlajurin kemlent. Xenni, min ggin ? ssersen ca n tmettiwin d tikimawiyin n Ukarbun di ca n waman ḥman x lmeɛden, uca ssaẓaɣen aman, ttɛawaden ttɛemmarent. Qqiment tteggen manaya i ca n ussan, ar mani d-saqaren rebɛa-nni n tlajurin n «DNA».
Amenni, David Dimmer, zi tesdawit n Kalifurniya, i yellan taseṭta-nnes di temdint n Santa Cruz, yufa belli tiwalatin n « asexwi d uɛemmer n waman » izemmer ad zzag-s d-nsaqar tisulal timezwura, xenni ijjen uzgen d abyulujji amenkaw DNA ittwaɣellef s ilibiden n tadunt.
Beddu n tudert
Dimmer yettwala ila « Timediwin n waman i yellan di taliwin n waman iḥman iburkaniyen » zemmren ad ilint d amkan mani tebda tudert. Sutherland ɣer-s ijjen tmuɣli nneḍni, yeqqar netta ila tudert ataɣ tebda deg ixubac i yejjan uḍuqqez n isefḍawen x tmurt, ixubac-nni dag-sen taryiwin ittnessis dag-sent waman s wadday ḥuma ad nnyerwent di ca n tisi n waman.
S tnayen-a n isinaryuten wer llin d ilujiken ijjen x wenniḍen. Aṭṭas n imerzuten qqaren waxxa ɣer-sen timuɣliwin x mamec tebda tudert maca ɛad walu ɣer-sen ineɣmisen nniḍen i daneɣ ɣa yemmlen mamec tebda tudert nican. Waxxa amenni qa din aṭṭas n imerzuten i yettemsurrufen nican aked taṭyurit n ixubac ihidru-rɣan, waxxa dag-s aṭṭas n imxumbal.
Waxxa ameni, axarres n Darwin x beddu n tudert yulleɣ qbala. Netta yeqqar aqqa ixess ad ilint timettiwin tikimawyin i snammasen deg ijjen temda d tameẓẓyant, aked taliwin n yinirji izemmer ad yawi ɣer ibeddilen ikimawiyen.
Lena Vincent teqqar ila tamuɣli n Darwin x beddu n tudert deg ijjen tamda d tameẓẓyant ttuɣa-t « deg wemkan-nnes.. am merra timuɣliwin i d-issers wergaz-a »
Maca mayemmi wer nettiwili ibeddilen-a ? Minzi kul mma ittwaxleq ijjen uprutin d jjdid niɣ ijjen wudem zeg wudmawen imaynuten n tudert, nettaf ijen paktirya telluẓ tecc-it.
Vincent teqqar « Nessawl x iẓuran n tudert axmi d ijjen lḥajet yemsar di min yeɛdan.. Maca nzemmer ad naf ila manaya izemmer ad yili kul twalat, waxxa deg yiḍ-a ».
Tala: BBC culture