“Arisṭu, maci d afilusuf i ɣer ttuɣa lhimmet deg wakuden iqdimen waha, niɣ d afilusuf min ɣer tella lhimmet di merra akuden; maca wer din ca n ijjen ɣer-s lhimmet kter zzag-s zeg wami yella bnadem”
D aya i yenna, ufilusuf abriṭani John Sellars deg ijjen wartikel i yefsar di tesɣunt n “Antigone” Qbel ma ad d-yefser adlis-nnes “Arisṭu: a nefhem afilusuf ameqqran deg umaḍal”.
Ttejriba-nnes i yesseɛda d ameḥḍar n tfelsaft, d manaya i t-yejjin ad yari adlis-a, ad as-yexḍar azwel-nni.
Yenna-d “Wami bdiɣ [ad ɣreɣ], ssneɣ belli Arisṭu d ijjen wudem s lhimmet-nnes, ufiɣ-t immers x-as arrub. Melmi mma xseɣ ad allɣeɣ deg idlisen-nnes, ttweḍḍariɣ deg wemkan”.
Waxxa amenni, isiɣa ittemseksi akid-s, ittegg tizemmar ad yelmed ḥma “ad issen ad t-iɣer”. Maca, mamec? S “cwayt cwayt”.
Ila issitim ad yili adlis-nnes, am ijjen temessizwarut i dag-neɣ itteggen wul ḥuma a nfafa x tira ufilusuf-a i yeddren di lqern wis rebɛa d wis tlata qbel i tlalit, ad aneɣ-igewwed neccin deg webrid-nneɣ, ad aneɣ-iɛawen ḥuma a nessen tiɣist-nnes.
Ḥaca, netta d “bu lhimmet deg umaḍal?” “bu lhimmet di merra akuden?” “bnadem bu lhimmet i teẓra tabnadmit?”…
Yenna i BBC Mundo “wa d erray-inu, maca nec ssneɣ ila din ikadimiyen-nneḍni i kid-i t-icerrken, rid merra idsen, maca walli d nnec waha i yettxarrsen s tebridt-a ta”.
Am ddegg-a n erray itteḥwaja asplikar, ula kṭer mala yeffeɣ-d zeg ijjen umrezzu d ameqqran ameknaw uselmad n tfelsaft di tesdawit n Royal Holloway, Sellars, i yuran idlisen x “stoïcisme” d “épicurisme”.
Iwa s uyenni i zzag-s netter ad aneɣ-isseqneɛ
Maca d amezwaru..
Ijjen usfekker d aquḍaḍ
Ariṣtu, ijjen tsenyant n wureɣ n tselsaft taklassikt zi tlata n tsenyanin i ikemmel Sukraṭ d Aflaṭun.
Netta ilul di ẓelmeḍ n tmurt n Igrikiyen, iffeɣ deg useggʷas wis tmenya ḥuma ad iɣer di tkadimit n Aflaṭun deg watina, mani i tt-ttuɣa din d ameḥḍar, d aselmad ɛawed.
Am mamec i t-ttuɣa d ameddukel n uselmad-nnes, Aflaṭun, maca waxxa yeẓẓu dag-s uselmad-nnes aṭṭas n ixarrisen, maca netta issgem inni nnes weḥḥd-s.
Zegga yemmut Aflaṭun, iffeɣ zeg Watina, awerni umu isseɛda ca n lweqt deg Wasiya tameẓẓyant, izdeɣ di tegzirt n Lesbos, mani dinni i iḥbeḍ x tɣuri n “umaḍal agaman”.
Awern-as s iseggusa, ilaɣa-as-d ugellid n Makduniya, Filip Amekduni, ad d-yedwel ɣer ẓelmeḍ n tmurt n Igrikiyen ḥuma ad isselmed mmi-s Aliksander, i ɣa idewlen ittwassen menbeɛd, s Aliksander ameqqran.
Wami nɣin Filip zegga ttuɣa Aliksander ittegg lḥerket-nnes di ccerq n lwesṭ d Lhend, yeggʷed Arisṭu x sslamet-nnes, uca yedwel ɣer Atina, din i yegga llisi-nnes.
Ttuɣa ɣer-s 50 n useggʷas. Netta yemmut x 62 n useggʷas, yejja awern-as ijjen tebibliyuṭikt d taqemqamt n tira.
Maca ɛlaḥsab min iqqar inseklupidiya n Britannica, merra min ɣer-neɣ d lexdayem n Arisṭu, wer tteggen ula d lxumus zi min yura, maca tira-nnes, wwḍent ɣer ca n melyun n wawal.
Waxxa yenɛem Sellars ila maḥend ad nini belli “Ariṣtu d argaz bu lhimmet qaɛ i yellan”, d ijjen wawal ittban-d cwayt axmi dag-s cwayt n tibbuhliya maca qa lmizan ittmeyyel ɣer-s.
“Ttwaliɣ wer din ca n ijjen ijja later ameknaw mamec i t-ijja netta”.
“Igga fus-nnes deg waṭṭas n tmeslayin i yellan ar lux ɛad, maca wer nessin ila qqnent ɣer-s”.
Aman, ttakkʷaḍen ar ifadden
Wer ttuɣi ca Arisṭu d ijjen ufilusuf i yeqqimen di ca n yeɣrem niɣ di ca n tkadimit deg Ugrik aqdim, ittmuqqul, isekkʷeḍ, isweḍḍer lxezrat-nnes di min wer ittsilin.
Isseplikar Sellars, ila tarezzut-nnes ttuɣa ittegg-itt x umaḍal i das-d-yenneḍen, amec i ttuɣa ittegg ijjen lxedmet deg wannar.
Wami ttuɣa yeggur ittsara di tudert tagamant, “ttuɣa yeggur x iftasen, deg waman i yettakkʷaḍen ar ifadden, iḥeṭṭa luḥuc, igemmer iqquɛen d iselman, uca ittfitcar-iten”.
Deg wakud-nnes, ttuɣa ula d ijjen ma yegga tizemmar maḥend ad iɣer x yiliten s ijjen wudem d asistimatik.
Ammu, isaqar-d min nessen luxa s “tabiyulujit”.
Manaya, wer ixes ca ad yini ila min ttuɣa yeqqar ila nican. Di tidett, azgen ameqqran n tmessna i d-iẓemm zeg uxezzer-nnes deg yiger-a, wer iqqim ḥedd ikessi zzag-sent.
Xelli amenni, waxxa ttuɣa yeccat ixeṭṭa, maca wer ittqid ad neɣḍel zeg watig n lxedmet-nnes, minzi deg wul n ixarrisen-nnes, anẓaten ɛeddan taṭyurit.
Ittwekked Sellars ila “kul taṭyurit nzemmer ad tt-neɣḍel s tenniḍen, amek inna Arisṭu aṭṭas n twalatin.”
Ɛawed, min daneɣ-yecqan d abrid i yewwi ḥma ad yaweḍ ɣer tussna, i issersen “i yeẓra n tussna n uqelleb”.
“S uxarres-nnes deg wanaw n tussna, iwweḍ ɣer tebridt n uxarres amassan, i netteḥsab d ijjen tmegga s lhimmet-nnes”.
Zegga ttuɣa “irezzu mamec ɣa yegg ad yefhem mux xeddmen iliten iddren, iṭewwer ijjen tmiṭudulujit i iḍfar deg yegran nniḍen”.
Aman-nniḍen
Ameknaw, Arisṭu ibedd di tmiṭudulujit-nnes n tussna di tɣuriwin-nnes di ssiyasa.
Issken-d Sellars ila ḥuma a x-as yari, ad tt-yefhem, iḥwaj mucṭrat, s uyenni “i d-ijmeɛ tunɣilin n waṭṭas n idusturen zi ca n tneddam i yemsebḍan zeg umaḍal amiditirani.”
Min t-yejjin ad ismqudda, ad issefsi tineddam d wamunen i yemsebḍan.
Ameknaw imudar, isettef tinbaḍin i ttuɣa yellan, ɣer tigeldanin, tuligarciyin, tidumukraṭiyin, d amen ibedd x min issen zeg umezruy iwweḍ ad ibedd x man ten i yegman.
Abrid-a amassan i yeḍfar ttuɣa-t d izumal n tsisyulujit.
Yeqqar deg ijjen wemsawal aked BBC Mundo “siyyasa, ittqad ad tili d ijjen usentel yestextux, d iwdan kul ijjen d erray-nnes”.
Irni yenna “Axarres maḥend ad nerr isuraf ɣer deffer, ad nbedd s ijjen temladast d tamassant, i yesmunan ineɣmisen maḥend ad d-yeḍleq ca n tmuɣli, d ijjen webrid i ttuɣa issenḍin aṭṭas di mamec nettefekker neccin di siyyasa i yella ɛad lux wer tt-nelmid”.
Mamec yewweḍ ad yegg manaya di tsekla amenneḍni.
Issefham Sellars ila “ḥuma a nefhem ddrama tagrikt, s ijjen tebridt d tamassant, i yessefsi, ifekker di merra iferdas-nnes i itteggen fus-nnes deg umures-nnes”.
“yeɣra tayerrist, iwriken, d tmezgunt – d merra min ɣer yella lhimmet.
Waxxa manaya, zeɛma ittban ass-a iban, maca immel-d belli ixess ijjen beddu i yetticen i lɣaci ijjen uxarres, zi senni tamsart tameqqrant, ɛad i d-ittas ufekki i wer ittejjin la d ijjen ḥajet tugel ar dasen ɣa yeɛjeb lḥal i midden”.
Ammu, issers iferdas n ddsas i ict tenfust tesbeḥ, s ijjen usefsi i yella sxeddamen-t ar lux, yewc-as tlalit i wefran aseklan.
Maci ḥa d aya waha
Arisṭu, amek yeqqar Sellars, ttuɣa-t “d amezwaru i yeɣrin ssiyasa s ijjen webrid d asistimatik, ixarres di tsekla d tussna s webrid-a, isaqar-d llujik ɛawed, i ttuɣa yellan d ijjen umures d ameqqran”.
Ula d llujik ?
Wah, yegga zzag-s umi nettsemma ass-a “axarres aɛeqlani”.
Yeqqar Sellars, ila bnadem aqeddac d wenni isxeddamen leɛqel-nnes, zeg ijjen uɣezdis, mamec irni inna ila qa din aṭṭas n tebridin i zi nzemmer a nxarres.
Ameknaw xminni “nsxeddam leɛqel, uca nḥebbeḍ x imezran-nneɣ d teycatin-nneɣ i wer ibedden ca x leɛqel, wer tent-nettejji a x-aneɣ ḥewwsent”.
Ittsemma mala bnadem d abliɣ ɛad wer ittmiyyiz, ittɛessib xminni wer ittekkʷiḍ ca ɣer min ixes, ameknaw iḥenjiren – xenni nzemmer a nini ila neccin wer nessenḍi ca, wer nebliɣ ca, uyak?
Ittwekked Arisṭu belli neccin d iliten d inamunen, s uya, ixess-aneɣ a nemludder akked yenniḍen. Manaya s lhimmet-nnes ɛawed.
Ɛawed, iqqar ila neccin d ifḍuliyen, nrezzu a nelmed a nessen, manaya d ijjen lḥajet i dag-neɣ yettwaẓẓun.
Sellars, yettwala ila “mala nxes a nedder ijjen tudert ilaqen, ixess-aneɣ a nili d inamunen, d ifḍuliyen d iɛeqlaniyen”.
Uca qa ɛad ikunsiptuten n warisṭu wtin iẓuran minzi “isaqar-d tabridt i zi nettxarres”.
“Dewlen ixarrisen-nnes d ikunsiptuten-nnes wtin iẓuran, al ami, nedwel wer kid-sen nettici”.