Ixbulen iberkanen, zi twafitin timeqqranin min xef xeddmen imussnawen maḥend ad asent-afen ca n ufessay. Amenɛad ɛad, imussnawen ufin belli tnayen n ixublen mmelqan aked wayawya. Ca zzag-sen nnan belli qa d manaya wer yemsir zeg wami yuqeɛ « uḍuqqez aqemqam ».
Ijjen temsart (événement) d tasṭrunumit ɛemmers wer tuqiɛ. Ammu i x-as inna Allen Weinstein, amussnaw n tesṭrunumit deg usinag n Kalifurniya n tetiknulujiyt deg ij n wemsawal i yegga aked tesɣunt tamassant Tamarikant « Popular Science » mani i yenna « wa d aḍuqqeẓ ameqqran min ked mseddaren iwdan zeg wami yemsar uḍuqqeẓ aqemqam (Big bang) ». Wa d awal ig yenna Weinstein, minzi netta aqqa-t di tseḍma tamassant i yufin amelqi n tnayen-a n ixbulen iberkanen iqemqamen. Manaya ad iɛawen kṭer ḥuma ad fehmen mamec yegga weɣraḍ (univers) amek i t-nessen yiḍ-a. Amelqi n wefsay n tnayen n ixbulen iberkanen yemsar ca n sebɛa meliyar iseggusa n tfawt x tmurt. D ij n uzaru (distance), ula d alli n bnadem wer izemmer ad tt-ixayel. Amladaf n tnayen-a n tseqqiḍin (les corps) timɣraḍin tiqemqamin yewwec-aneɣ-dd ij n wexbul d aberkan d aqemqam. Mayen i dd-ixelqen ij n yinirji yemɣer s waṭṭas, isnhezz tracca tansakudt (espace-temps) n weɣraḍ. Ansakud d ij n wawal i ysxeddamen ifiziyawiyen ssadafen dag-s ilaggʷajen (les dimensions) n (Akud d wensa), nzemmar ad x-as nini ila netta d ij n usayrar (espace) dag-s rebɛa n waggʷajen (Aggʷajen n wemkan s tlata, dag-s tuzzeggerdt, tiriwt, luɛla aked zzman). Taṭiyurit n trulativit n Einstein tettwala ila ansakud igga acnaw ij n uẓeṭṭa niɣ d tracca tkessi kulci deg weɣrad, wer dag-s la d ij n ḥajet ɣer berra-nnes.
Imussnawen wwḍen ad ssnen tamsart-a tameɣradt tameqqrant zi tmurt, mani tracca tansakudt tnhezz, tiriw uca bbanent-id ca n tesfay jebbdent wwḍent-id ar tmurt. Wer din bu ca n ufuṭu i ddegg-a n uḍuqqez, maca imerzuten wwḍen ad ssnen ẓẓga d ddriz i dd-yusin awerni i uḍuqqeẓ-a amqemqam, ameggaru-ya ggin-as isem n « GW190521 », ahezzi-ya yekka ij n lɛucur n tsigundin, imerzuten ttuɣa qqaɛ wer t-ttrijin.
Tinitin n weɣrad – afsay n tnayen iqemqamen d iberkanen
Ixbulen iberkanen d ca n tseqqiḍin d timeɣraḍin, ttilint xmi i xessyen itran imeqqranen, ittreddaj weɣyay-nnsen. Imussnawen sfarrazen jar tlata n markat n ixbulen iberkanen : ameẓẓyan-nnsen i yettilin xmi ittreddaj ujebbed n ij n yitri. Din ixubulen iberkanen imeqqranen iqemqamen, ina ggin am uxbul aberkan i yellan di lwesṭ n ugalaksi-nneɣ (ttebbana) i yeggʷjen s ca n 26 alef useggas n tfawt x tmurt. Netta d ij n wexbul iwezzen rebɛa imelyunen kṭer zi tfukt. Mamec din ɛawed ixbulen d iberkanen d imjahdiyen, i ttuɣa wwḍen ad ten-ssnen imussnawen n tseṭrunumt. Ixublen iberkanen dag-sen ijjen tmeḍlawt (densité) d tameqqrant d ij n jjehd n ujebbed d aqemqam, wer ttejjin la d ij n ḥajet ad tenneflet waxxa d tesfay tiliktrumagnitiyin (électromagnétiques) am tfawt, s uya i dd-ittban ibberken.
Yenna-dd jjurnal amassan « Frankfurter neue presse» (27 Abril 2021) belli « min illan d jjdid ɣer imussnawen twalat-a umi ddqel n ixbulen iberkanen immelqan ttuɣa-ten deg ij n waddad ttsemman-as s tmessna « tyuya i wer imquddin » maca waxxa amenni, nettaf lewzen-nnsen iwweḍ ad yili s 85 ḍubli i min twezzen tfukt ». iydar-dd Allen Weinstein belli itri i iweṭṭan ixess wer dd-ittsiqir ca n uxbul d aberkan jar 65 ar 120 n min twezzen tfukt. Manaya minzi itran imeqqranen weṭṭan awerni i « Supernova ». Axbul aberkan ttuɣa-t d ij n yitri ittreddaj minzi tili iɣasṭar marra jjehd-nnes uca ittkemmel s uḍuqqeẓ ameqqran (Supernova). Uca agudi (masse) ittneyraw x weɣyay –nnes amezwaru, xenni ijebbed-dd merra min yudsen. Allen Weinstein yettwala ila ixbulen iberkanen i yefsusen ttemladafen d amezwaru aked ugudi n yitran, ttemluṭṭufen jar-asen ar ɣa dewlen d ijjen n wexbul d aberkan d aqemqam.
imussnawen wwḍen ad sewwaren ij n wexbul d aberkan
Mamec ttilin ixbulen iberkanen deg weɣraḍ? D min snuffuren qaɛ d mamec yettili wejbad-nni ameqqran mani mamec tegga ca n ḥajet wer tzemmer i walu zzat-s xelli d tfawt ? Deg useggas n 2019, amaḍal innebheḍ zzat i « ufuṭu amezwaru » deg umezruy, mani iwweḍ bnadem ad t-igg i uxbul. D ij n tseddit aked ṭṭiya d aleccini, azeggaɣ, i yellan d tili n ugudi n ugalaksi n M78 i yeggʷjen x tmurt s ca n 55 melyun useggas n tfawt. Ddegg-a n usewwar yemsar s tracca n ca n itiliskupiyen i yellan mani mma di tmurt, mani jemɛen ineɣmisen-nni awerni i iseggusa n wefsay qbel i ma ad ɣa saqaren fuṭu-ya. S ij n lmeɛna nniḍen, fuṭu-ya d yus-d awerni aṭṭas n leḥsabat i yemxumblen, wer t-ggin ca nican amec tteggen ifuṭuten n i yellan nurmal.
X manaya yura « frankfurter neue presse» (24 Mares 2021) belli « tussna n usayrar amagniti ɣer-s lhimmet d tameqqrant ḥuma a nefhem mamec tettmsurruf tametta (matière) x tma n uxbul aberkan, mani i tettili ijjen plasma dag-s trisinti, tḍeffar asayrar amagniti deg unhezzi-nnes alaḥsab ca n izerfan n ddinamika n trisinti. Maca qa ɛad din ca n iseqsan min xef ixess ad asen-afen timrarutin, minzi ixbulen iberkanen ssekkan tisfayt d tiqemqamin n tmetta ».
Deg wul n igalaksiyen – ixbulen d iberkanen ggin am imuṭuren imagniten
S llilet, xminni bnadem ittmuqqul mliḥ deg ujenna, ittɣima irẓem aqemmuc-nnes ɣer tiriwt n weɣrad, yeggin acnaw ijjen lebḥer n tfawt yersa, itticen ca n teycatin n lehna d wefra. Maca deg wul n ugalaksi-nneɣ d igalaksiyen nniḍen yennuffer ij n wemẓiw iserreḍ merra itran, d mamec mma yegga ca n usegnu n ugaz. Ad ten-isreḍ, ad ten-issidef deg ijjen waggʷaj d ansakud, ḥekkmen-t izerfan ifiziyawiyen ɛad wer wwiḍen ad ten-ssnen imussnawen s merra. Aqqa ixbulen iberkanen i yellan deg wammas n igalaksiyen iwezzen ugudi-nnsen kṭer s imelyaren n twalatin zeg ugudi n tfukt. Maca waxxa din tizemmar-a timassanin, maca ɛad wer ssinen walu x min din awerni i yexbulen iberkanen i iserrḍen kucci.
Einstein yeqqar ila aqqa agudi ideqqsen izemmar ad yaweḍ ad « iceyyen » niɣ ad « ireẓ » ansakud. S uya ad igg axbul d aberkan. Ttsemman igmiren n wemkan mani wer izemmer ḥedd ad zzag-s irwel zeg wejbad n wexbul aberkan s yisem n « tiriwt n temsart ». Maḥend ad ẓwan tiriwt-a n tamsart, ataf ittejja later x tseqqiḍt mamec tegga.
Tlalit n igalaksiyen – twalat n tracca n ugaz n uhiḍrujin
Ttwalan imussnawen ila aɣraḍ-a ɣer-s 13.8 n melyar useggas. Wwḍen ad ssersen imussnawen ij n ufuṭu araḥar yekmer x weɣraḍ i ttuɣa yalleh mamec i dd-ilul, d mamec tettwagg ijj n tracca n artila s ifilan n ugaz n uhiḍrujin i zi ttwaggen igalaksiyen amec i ten-nessen yiḍ-a. Ttwalan imussnawen ila gaz-nni yegga am ijen n lisans i zi ttwaggen itran i idewlen d ixbulen d iberkanen wami reddjen. Itran ttnejmaɛen jar-asen ḥuma ad saqaren igalaksiyen. Ij n tɣuri tettwafser di tesɣunt n « Astronomy and astrophysics » (18 Mars 2021) temmel-dd ij n ufuṭu xedmen-t ca n imussnawen immal-d lallaɣ n weɣraḍ s ij n utiliskup qqaren-as Hubble.
Γer ɛawed : Ajenna s kamira: umi qqaren cwayt n ttsawar!