Afriz (niɣ “afris”) gi tesniremt tatrart n Tmaziɣt n Arif

Sufyan Lhani

Ԑlaḥal ad nini qa ԑad ur ngi ci n terzut d ci n tɣuri d tamassant d tanicant, g usati n Tmaziɣt Tamirayt n Arif, x waṭṭas n yiferdisen inejrumen imaziɣen, ad neɣzi x tmuffirin-nsen tinermusin – tinebridin – tisnawayin – tinejrumin – tisnilasin – tisnetlayin, uxa mala nejja Tajerrumt n umerzu Jawad Zzubeԑ (2020) ig issersen, gi Tmaziɣt Tamirayt n Arif, tadesla i ci n tjerrumt i ɣa yilin tudecca maknaw d tamsirt tanejrumt n Tutlayt Tarifit, qa ԑad ur izԑim ci n ḥedd ad issufeɣ tirzutin d tɣuriwin s Tmaziɣt n Arif x yiferdisen d min ɣur-sen iqqnen n yiremmusen d yesmilen d tesɣan d tefraz d wanawen i xemmlen yiferdisen-a ɣar dixel- nsen, ḥuma ad naweḍ ɣar ci n uxezzer d amsegged d amahwan i urezzu d uselmed- i Tmaziɣt n Arif.

Awal-a i neqqar x qqaԑ iferdisen inejrumen n Tutlayt Tarifit, netta d awal d ijj i neqqar x ufriz (amux t-nettsemma), niɣ “afris” (amux t-ttsemman yenneɣni), i war itteffɣen zeg yiferdisen-a inejrumen ig ixeddmen ag wayawya adu n yilugan iseddasen seggden.

G umagrad-a, ad negg ict temyadast i unamek d uremmus n “afris” ɣar dixel n tussna tamaziɣt s umata, d uxezzer asniram anejrum amaziɣ s wuslig. Tamyadast-a nettwala-tt, g usuteg-nneɣ, d abrid ɣar ufessi d usefsi i waṭṭas n tmukrisin iqqnen ɣar tesɣan d tefraz d wanawen n ufriz ɣar dixel n Tmaziɣt n Arif.

D amya i ɣa tili temyadast-a maknaw d tamrarut x waṭṭas n yiseqsan iqqnen ɣar ufriz, am: min iԑna unamek anmawal n ufriz (niɣ “afris”)? Min iԑna uremmus n ufriz ɣar dixel n tjerrumt tamaziɣt? Min ԑnant tefraz n ufriz? Man abrid ɣar tigi n tesnawayt i tefraz n ufriz? Man abrid ɣar usegged n wanawen i ufriz? 

1. Iẓewran inmawalen n ufris :

Irem n “afris“, i tessexdam tesniremt tatrart n Tmaziɣt n Arif -assa-, s uremmus n uferdis anejrum i dd-ittasen iqqen ɣar yisem ḥuma ad as-iwc i yisem ci n yicten zi tefraz miz tettwassen tmagit n yisem n ci n wudem, ittban -s berra- maknaw ikka-dd zeg uẓwar FRS ig isskanen ɣar ubeṭṭi n ci x ci n tmeslayt nneɣni.

Irem n “afris” iban-dd gi Tesniremt Tatrart n Tamaziɣt n Arif maknaw d asuɣel amaziɣ i yirem afransis “adjectif” d yirem aԑrab “صفة“, ag umerzu Jawad Zzubeԑ (2020), gi Tjerrumt ines n Tmaziɣt (Tarifit), uxa ad yili umerzu d amezgaru i xaf-s issiwlen gi Tmaziɣt Tamirayt n Arif, waxxa ittban umerzu, s usiwel-ines x “ufris“, ur zg-s iẓwi aswir asnalɣan -ig irezzun gi telɣa n “ufris”- ɣar yeswiren inejrumen nneɣni i dag-s ɣa ittwalan asmil anejrum ig itteffɣen x yesmilen inejrumen nneɣni s uremmus i ɣa isseɣlin tamagit-ines d tesɣan-ines d tefraz-ines d wanawen-ines… Iqqar umerzu gi tjerrumt ines (2020) :

« S umata, afris di tmaziɣt ɣares inumaẓ [tifraz] isnalɣanen am wassaɣ [isem] i neẓra zdat, s uya nettaf dages asemres [asexdem] n yilugnen [yilugan] am yenni illan deg wassaɣ [yisem], am wanaw n twetmant [tawtemt] id ittefɣen zeg uwetman [awtem] (ameẓẓyan ® tameẓẓyant) d wuslaɣ n tmitar n umḍan ig itteqqnen ɣar wassaɣ (afris) ḥma ad t nessen ma aqqa t deg waddad ilelli niɣ deg waddad amaruz (ameẓẓyan ® umeẓẓyan / tameẓẓyant ® tmeẓẓyant), amek d itteffeɣ lebda zeg uẓur anamyag niɣ urmir i ɣar illa unamek n tɣara, tawafuɣt n ufris a am wassaɣ n umeskar [ameggay], ittili s tmerniwt n yezwiren : “a, am /an“ d usemsi daxxel n ufeggag niɣ deg umeggaru nnes ».

Aremmus n “ufris“, s uglam-a id as-iga J. Zzubeԑ, ittban maknaw iqqim d anekruf i uswir asnalɣan ig ittwalan aferdis-a anejrum maknaw d akniw asnalɣan n yisem niɣ d aḍeffar i yisem waha, uxa ad yili ijja aṭṭas n yeswiren ig izemmren weḥḥed-sen ad aneɣ-wcen aremmus isegged i “ufris” gi Tmaziɣt n Arif, s uya i xaf-neɣ ɣa reẓmen aseqsi gi tmeslayt n tmagit-ines tanejrumt d tesɣan-ines d tefraz-ines i ɣa neksi maknaw d anaway n usersi i wanawen-ines.

S udwal-nneɣ ɣar uẓwar n “FRS” g Umawal Arifi – Afransis n Muḥemmed Seɣwal (2001-2002), nettaf :

« FRS

fars, vt. ; ifars, wa yfris, ifarres, ad ifars ; qr. fars, farres ; W. fres, ferres. || Elaguer, émonder, ébrancher. V. zbar. || Défricher, débroussailler, déboiser. W.

afras (u-), na. || Elagage ; champ défriché, W. ; verger, zn.

tafarsit : toponyme.

FRS

• tifras, nfp., au pl. ; bq. tifraz. || Traits, physionomie, aspect (du visage). V. farz. * day-s tifras n baba-s : il a l’aspect de son père.

FRS

• frires, vi. ; ifrires, wa yfrires, itefriris, ad ifrires ib. || Grelotter. V. qdiddes. » (M. Serhoual, 2001-2002 : 112).

Anamek n uẓwar “FRS“, amux neẓra ɣar M. Seɣwal, ittban isskan ɣar ugezzem d uqesses d ubeṭṭi i ci n tmeslayt x yiẓewran-ines, uxa d aya i dd ɣa iban unamek mliḥ xmi daneɣ dd ɣa iwc tiguriwin “afras” d “tafarsit” miz ttwassnen yegran umi temsar temhelt n uferres, ad nini isskan ɣar yegran umi imsar uqesses zeg yiẓewran niɣ zeg uẓeqqur.

Maca taxxamt tis snat n uẓwar “FRS” mindeg issers “tifras“, ittban dag-s uẓwar n “tefras” maknaw d abujil umi ɣar taguri-ya waha g urasmal-ines, mgal taxxamt tamezgarut mindeg dd-iban s ugriw yiriw isskan ɣar unamek amux nneɣni. D aya i daneɣ ɣa ijjen ad nesseqsa x uẓwar-ines amenzay manis dd-ikka nican ḥuma ad nexzer gi tmagit-ines tanamakt i daneɣ ɣa iwcen abrid ɣar uremmus amatay n “tefras“, d uremmus-ines anejrum aweslig.

Gi texxamt tis kraṭ yusa-dd “frires” s unamek i ɣur-s ԑlayen ɣar umyag “fres“, qa “frires” ittban isskan ɣar uqesses i das-ittegg usemmiḍ i yilem, d wa ԑawed d anamek s yixf-ines i ɣur-s ɣar umyag “qdiddes” i kid-s dd-issers umerzu maknaw d akniw-ines anamak. Tamaziɣt Tamiwant n Arif ԑad tessexdam iwenna (expressions) d imenzayen sskanen s uqesses ɣar uneẓber i das-ittegg usemmiḍ i yilem n yewdan d yimuddiren, zeg-sen « tqess-ay tesmeḍ » niɣ « iqess-ay usemmiḍ »…atg.

Ttwaliɣ belli “tifras” tusa-dd zi “tefraz” niɣ tusa-dd nican zeg umyiwen “tafrezt” niɣ “tifrezt“, uxa ttwaliɣ ԑawed belli [s] (n “tafrest” / “tifrest“) iffeɣ-dd zi /z/ (n “tafrezt” / “tifrezt“) s umentil n tawayt (assimilation) i ɣa yilin telqef /z/ i dd-iḍfer /t/, armi daneɣ-dd-iwca : /z + t/ = [st]. G usati-ya, ttafeɣ ixf-inu ttemsebḍiɣ ag uxezzer asenmesli n umerzu J. Zzubeԑ (2020) ig ittwalan belli /zt/ ikka-dd zi [st], uxa ad iliɣ ttwaliɣ belli [st] ikka-dd zi /zt/ s umentil n tzaɣarin tinemgalin i nufa g usefsi i nga i tumant-a tamsislit.

Ɣur-neɣ, gi tumant-a tamsislit, aṭṭas n waddaden mindeg ittedwal /z/ ɣar /s/ xmi t-id-iḍeffer /t/ n tewtemt, ad dd-neksi zeg-sen tnayen n yimedyaten i dd-iwca J. Zzubeԑ (2020) gi tjerrumt-ines :

/tayenduzt/ à [tayendust] ;

/tamedyazt/ à [tamedyast].

Ad ɣur-sen nernu tlata-ya n yimedyaten :

/taɣembuzt/ à [taɣembust] ;

/taqebbuzt/ à [taqebbust] ;

/tazduzt/ à [tazdust].

Tumant-a n ubeddel n /zt/ ag [st] tettban maknaw d tumant tamsislit ig iferrzen Tarifit n Ugmuḍ n Uɣzar n Nkur x Trifit n Utaram n Uɣzar n Nkur, qa ilsawen n Arif n Utaram n Uɣzar n Nkur (Ayt Waryaɣel, Ibeqquyen, Ayt Mezduy, Ayt Iṭṭeft…) ԑad ssexdamen amedya n “tifraz” mgal ilsawen n Arif n Ugmuḍ n Uɣzar n Nkur (Temsaman, Ayt Tuzin, Ayt Wliccek, Iqelԑiyen…) ig issexdamen amedya n “tifras“.

Ula d amesnawal Muḥemmed Seɣwal ittban irra taynit i tumant-a tamsislit, s uya i ɣa isken, gi texxamt tis snat n uẓwar “FRS“, ɣar umyag [farz] (frez), uxa ula d necnin ad nedwel ɣar umyag “frez” d uẓwar “FRZ” ḥuma ad nerzu mliḥ gi tmagit tamseggedt n “tefraz“.

S udwal nneɣ ɣar uẓwar “FRZ“, g Umawal n M. Seɣwal (2001-2002), nufa min dd-yusin s wadday:

« farz, vi. ; ifarz, ifarrez, wa yfriz, ad ifarz ; qr. farz, farrez. || Poindre (jour). V. nqar. yar. || Etre conçu, fécondu, engendré. V. nqeḍ. * ifarz deg wԑeddis < di uԑeddis : il est conçu dans le ventre. || Présenter des traits (de visage), des organes (enparlant d’un nouveau-né) ; présenter les caractères distinctifs de l’espèce. * bnadem xminni ɣar yxreq ifarrez tiṭṭawin : l’être humain quand il est né, il se distingue par les yeux. || distinguer, discerner ; prononcer (en parlant d’un bébé) ; déchiffrer, décoder ; expliquer, clarifier. * ifarrez tabrat : il déchiffre, il lit la lettre. […] * tifraz (tf-), nfp., au pl. ; bq. tifraz. || Traits, physionomie, aspect (du visage). » (M. Serhoual, 2001-2002 : 114).

Anamek n “FRZ” isskan s yimedyaten-a ɣar ubeṭṭi n ci n wudem x wudem nneɣni s tewlaft miz dd-ittban, niɣ miz t-nessen d miz t-netteԑqal d miz t-nettwala, uxa d aya i tettili tguri n “tifraz” tesskan ɣar tzaɣarin n wudem miz nbeṭṭa ḥedd x wenneɣni, niɣ tameslayt x tenneɣni, ad nini isskan ɣar tewlaft miz dd-ittban wudem, niɣ mix nettwala udem, niɣ miz netteԑqal udem.

Gi min dd igguren, ad nẓer mux das-tteggen yiẓewran “FRS” d “FRZ” sskanen g unamek-nsen amenzay ɣar ubeṭṭi, maca anamek n kul ijjen zeg-sen imxaṭa x wenneɣni s wanaw n ubeṭṭi ig imessaren i kul ijjen zeg-sen.

1. Aremmus n ufris gi tesniremt tasnilast – tasnetlayt :

Ttbanen Yirifiyen maknaw ferzen mliḥ g umezruy-nsen jar yinumak n “fres” d “frez“, uxa waxxa netnin ttbanen-dd kkin-dd zeg umedya amenzay ig isseknen ɣar temhelt n uqesses d ugezzem d ubeṭṭi n ci x ci, maca uwḍen Yirifiyen ad ten- sxedmen deg yegran ttemsebḍan deg-sen x wayawya.

Amyag “fres” iqqim isskan, gi Tmaziɣt n Arif ar wassa, ɣar temhelt n ubeṭṭi i ci n tmeslayt x yiẓewran-ines, s uya i ɣa iqqim iqqen ɣar yegran n uqesses n tseklutin x yiẓewran-nsent ḥuma ad ittwasexdem yiger amefras i tyerza niɣ i tzeddiɣt niɣ i ci n twuri zi twuriwin timensayin n tfellaḥt, uxa d aya i ɣa yilin ijja Irifiyen ad dd-ssufɣen aṭṭas n yesmawen n tmura ig isskanen ɣar tillit n temhelt-a s yixf-ines, ismawen-a netnin d :

• Afras : zi temẓi ttesliɣ i baba d yemma i dd-ikkin zi ddcar n Yayt Lhani n teqbilt n Yayt Mezduy, ssexdamen “afras” s unamek n umerjeԑ niɣ s unamek n yiger ig ittwafersen ḥuma ad isleḥ i twuriwin timekrazin.
• Tafrast : d isem n ddcar yusa-dd gi teqbilt n Yayt Waryaɣel, yudes i wammas n Bukidaren, ittban zeg yisem-ines maknaw iksi-dd anamek-ines zeg uferres i ɣa yilin ikka x yiger n ddcar-a.
• Tafersit : d isem n teqbilt d tarifit, ittban maknaw iksi tamagit-ines zi temhelt n uferres ig imsaren i yegran n ci n tagant ila tella g uraq n teqbilt-a, uxa ad tili “Tfersit” tesskan ɣar yiger ittwafersen i tyerza niɣ i tzeddiɣt.

Amyag “frez” ԑlayen isskan gi Tmaziɣt n Arif ɣar unamek i ɣures ɣar umyag “fres“, qa “frez” ittban ula d netta ikki-dd zeg uẓwar d amenzay manis dd-ikka “fres“, ad nini ikka-dd zeg yijj uẓwar i tuɣa isskanen ɣar ubeṭṭi d ugezzem d uqesses. [Deg yict temyadast giɣ-tt i uẓwar “FR”, ufiɣ ffɣen-dd zg-s qqaԑ iẓewran imakraḍen ig ittsentan s “FR” am “FRS” d “FRZ” d “FRD” d “FRḌ” d “FRK” d “FRM”…atg., ad fesreɣ tamyadast-a xmi tt id ɣa taweḍ nnubet-ines].

Maca mala amyag “fres” iqqim isskan armi d imiḍi wis 20 ɣar temhelt n uqesses i ci n tmeslayt zeg yiẓewran-ines niɣ zeg uẓeqqur-ines, uxa s uyenni i ɣa iqqim ula d netta isskan g uzgen ameqqran n tguriwin ɣar yiger agaman umi imsar uferres i ci n uɣezdis n tagant niɣ i tagant tekmel, qa amyag “frez” waxxa isken gi tmenzayt-ines ɣar uqesses d ugezzem, maca idwel isskan ɣar ubeṭṭi jar tmeslayin, maci s temhelt n uferres niɣ n ugezzem niɣ n uqesses, maca idwel isskan ɣar ubeṭṭi jar tmeslayin s tefraz (niɣ “inumaẓ” niɣ “tiẓlayin“) i ɣur-s ɣar kul tameslayt, bla ma ad ilint kkint-id zeg uẓwar d ijj niɣ zeg uẓeqqur d ijj.

Danitin, nettili ag sin n wanawen n ubeṭṭi :

1. Abeṭṭi n tmeslayt x ci n tmeslayt manis dd-tekka niɣ mani ɣar teqqen (fres).
2. Abeṭṭi n ci n wudem x wudem nneɣni bla ma ad ilin kkin dd zeg uẓwar d ijj niɣ zeg uẓeqqur d ijj (frez).

Xmi dd-nettedwal ɣar yirem “afris” umi da nrezzu x yiẓewran-ines inamaken – inermusen, nettaf da “afris” maknaw yudef-dd s unamek d uremmus i ɣur-s ɣar umyag “frez” niɣ ɣar yisem “tifraz” miz nesskan gi Tmaziɣt n Arif ɣar tzaɣarin n wudem miz nbeṭṭa ḥedd x wenneɣni, niɣ tameslayt x tenneɣni, ad nini isskan ɣar tewlaft miz dd-tettban tmeslayt, niɣ mix nettwala tameslayt, niɣ miz netteԑqal tameslayt.

Anamek-a d uremmus-a d netnin miz sskaneɣ ԑawed, g usenfar-inu asuɣal, ɣar min nessen gi teԑrabt s yirem n “خاصية” d “مظهر” d “ميزة“, niɣ min nessen gi tefransist s yirem n “aspect” d “perspective” d “caractéristique“, uxa ittili yirem n “tifraz” isskan -s uya- ɣar tzaɣarin niɣ ɣar tewlaft miz nettessen d miz dd-ittban d mix dd-ittban ci n wudem (afgan, amuddir, agama, tameslayt…).

D amya i ɣa yili “afris” isskan ɣar :

• Tifraz (niɣ “tifrezt”) ig iksi yisem i dd-iḍeffer ufriz;
• Tifraz ig iksi ci n wudem (afgan, amuddir, agama, tameslayt…).

Tikermin i qqaԑ min nenna iԑda x ufris, ttwaliɣ zi lemliḥ ad as-nbeddel isem i yirem n “afris“, ad t-nerr d “afriz“, ḥuma ad yugur ag tzemmar tinamakin – tinermusin i daneɣ-dd-itticc uẓwar n “FRZ” gi Tmaziɣt n Arif.

Maɣar?

Ttwaliɣ ad t-nerr d “afriz“, minzi “afris” ur isskin ci mliḥ, s yiẓewran inmawalen, ɣar ubeṭṭi i ɣa izemren ad issiggʷej tifraz x tefraz nneɣni i war dd- ikkin zeg uẓwar d ijj niɣ zeg uẓeqqur d ijj ; qa “afras” mala isskan ɣar yiger niɣ ɣar ci n tmeslayt umi imsar uqesses d ugezzem, ad nini umi temsar temhelt n uferres, maca “afraz” isskan ɣar ubeṭṭi jar wudmawen i war dd-ikkin zeg uẓwar d ijj niɣ zeg uẓeqqur d ijj, maca isskan ɣar ubeṭṭi nni illan jar tefraz n wudmawen.

Rzuɣ armi uḥḥleɣ x min iԑna wenni issersen irem n “afris“, uxa ur ufiɣ bu ci n useggʷas d aqdim, mindeg izgur bab-ines ɣar usbani n yirem-a g umawal-ines, ɣir Asinag Ageldan n Tussna Tamaziɣt ig izguren ɣar usbani n yirem-a deg yimawalen-ines imezgura am Umawal n Tjerrumt ig iga ag INALCO (2009). Wenni ixemmen ad dd-issufeɣ “afris” zi “tefras” ḥuma ad issiggʷej asexdem i “arbib” i dd-ibanen ɣar Mulud Mԑemmri (1974, 1976), ittban-ay-dd wanitin -i dd-issufɣen irem n “afris“- maknaw ila ifṭen i tmukrist tanermust mig ɣa izmer ad aneɣ-issers yirem n “arbib” umi ɣar aremmus ibberwi gi Tmaziɣt, qa aferdis anejrum i netteqqen ɣar yisem ḥuma ad isken s ci n tefrezt minzeg ittwassen urid ittxessa-aneɣ ad ɣur-s nexzer maknaw d arbib ig iḍeffren isem waha g uswir anejrum (asnalɣan – aseddas), anect i daneɣ-ittxessa ad ɣur-s nexzer maknaw netta d asmil weḥḥdes ɣar dixel n tjerrumt tamaziɣt s umata, d tjerrumt tarifit s wuslig.

Nenna qa wenni issersen irem-a ila ifṭen i ci n tmeslayt ur das-teԑjib deg yirem n “arbib“, ad nernu ad nini ԑawed qa izmer ad yili ifṭen i bezzaf n tmuffirin i t-ijjin ad ikk ɣar “tefras” ḥuma ad dd issufeɣ “afris“; timuffirin-a qqaԑ idsent qqnent ɣar tefraz s yixf-nsent manis dd issufeɣ “afris“. Ittban-ay maknaw ila ifṭen i yinumak yullɣen i ɣur-s ɣar “tefraz“, minzi amersi n uferdis-a anejrum tikermin i yisem, ɣar dixel i twinest niɣ i yisem uddis, netta iqqen nican ɣar tefraz i das- itticc i yisem ḥuma ad ifrez addad x wenneɣni, niɣ aklu x wenneɣni, niɣ atig x wenneɣni…; tifraz-a zeg-sent ig ittban mliḥ wudem n yisem.

Atiɣ d aya ig ijjin Asinag Ageldan n Tussna Tamaziɣt ad issufeɣ afris zeg wanawen n yisem [xzer: « La nouvelle grammaire de l’amazighe » (2008)], ḥuma ad t-irr d asmil umi ɣar ula d netta aremmus-ines anejrum i war ittifen ixf-ines ɣar dixel n ci n usmil nneɣni, ad nini d asmil umi ɣar tisɣan d tefraz d wanawen i das- isemmḥen ad iffeɣ zeg wuḍuf n yisem.

G uneggaru, qqareɣ qa afriz, niɣ “afris“, netta d aferdis anejrum ig isskanen ɣar tefraz n tzaɣart niɣ n waddad niɣ n uklu niɣ n tmamekt niɣ n twila niɣ n telɣa niɣ n tmust i ɣur-s ɣar ci n wudem (afgan, amuddir, agama, tameslayt…), izemmer ufriz ad dd-yas d aḍeffar n yisem, niɣ ad dd-yas weḥḥdes gi twinest, maca nferrez lebda jar yisem d ufriz s tmagit i ɣur-s ɣar kul ijj zeg-sen ; qa “isem“ ittɣima d aferdis anejrum ig isskanen lebda ɣar tmagit n ci n wudem, ad nini ittɣima d isem n lebda miz nettessen ci n ḥedd niɣ ci n tmeslayt, maca “afriz“ ittas-dd maknaw d tifrezt miz ittwassen ci n wudem niɣ ci n yisem ; tifrezt-a tesskan ɣar waddad niɣ ɣar tiddi niɣ ɣar tmust niɣ ɣar telɣa d tefraz nneɣni n wudem n yisem.

1. Aremmus amatay n yirem n “afriz“ gi tesniremt tamaziɣt tatrart :

Neẓra gi min iԑdan, mux das-ittegg isskan ufriz, g unamek-ines, ɣar ubeṭṭi n ci n wudem (afgan, amuddir, agama, tameslayt…) x ci n wudem nneɣni s tefraz i ɣures ɣar kul udem. Neẓra ԑawed, mux das-ittegg isskan, deg yiger asnilas – asnetlay, ɣar uferdis anejrum i dd-ittasen iqqen ag yisem ḥuma ad as-iwc tamagit tamefrazt i yisem s tefraz minzeg ittwassen ufriz.

Da nettili nuweḍ ad as-newc, gi Tmaziɣt n Arif, aremmus minzeg ittwassen deg yiger asnilas – asnetlay, uxa nettili nuweḍ ad t-nessers maknaw d irem miz ɣa neqqim nessuɣul irem afransis “adjectif” niɣ irem aԑrab “صفة” d “نعت”.

Maca irem-a urid nettxezzar ɣur-s maknaw d irem ig izemmren ad issuɣel irmawen-a waha, anect i ɣur-s nxezzer ԑawed maknaw d irem ig isseɣlayen ɣar dixel-ines ula d irem n “لقب” aԑrab d “surnom” afransis, ad nini isseɣlay ɣar dixel- ines ismawen i nettegg i yewdan maknaw d ifrizen miz ten-nferrez x yewdan nneɣni s waddad niɣ s tfekka niɣ s telɣa niɣ s tuqqna ɣar usɣan d tmurt…

Mala “afriz” i nettegg i yewdan isseɣlay ɣar dixel-ines tawlaft miz dd-ittban ci n wudem (afgan, amuddir, agama, tameslayt…), niɣ mix nettwala udem-a, niɣ miz t-netteԑqal, ad nini qa isseɣlay ɣar dixel-ines tifraz n tzaɣart niɣ n waddad niɣ n uklu niɣ n tmamekt niɣ n twila niɣ n telɣa niɣ n tmust i ɣur-s ɣar ci n wudem. Maca tifraz n ufriz zemmrent ad ԑdant iswiren-a ɣar uswir n userwes d tuqqna ig ittawḍen ad issexdem ismawen n yiferdisen n tfekka d yesmawen n yimuddiren d yesmawen n waṭṭanen d yesmawen n tuqqna ɣar usɣan d tmurt d yesmawen nneɣni mux ma gin, uxa ismawen-a iserwasen ttbanen-dd g uswir aseddas maknaw d ifrizen ujar zi min dd ttbanen d ismawen ig isskanen ɣar tmagit n wudem.

Da nettili nxezzer ɣar yefrizen n yewdan -i dd ikkin zeg yesmawen- s uxezzer anejrum i deg-sen ittwalan ifrizen ujar zi min deg-sen ittwala ismawen, maca nzemmer ad ɣur-sen nexzer, s uxezzer uzɣin aseklan, maknaw d ifrizen ig itticcen i ufgan tifraz i war illin d tinefganin, niɣ ig itticcen i ci n wudem tifraz i war illin- ines.

1. Afriz gi temsirt tanejrumt tamaziɣt : tasnawayt d wanawen.

Zi tannayin i dd-nessufeɣ zeg umrara-nneɣ ag J. Zzubeԑ (2020), nettaf :

• Asidef i ufriz ɣar dixel n wanawen n yisem ad aneɣ-issers gi tmukrist n wanawen i ɣa izemren ad ilin ɣar ufriz s yixf-ines ;
• Nferrez mliḥ jar yisem d ufriz s tmagit-nsen tasefrazt (منطقية), s uya i dasen-ittxessa ad msebḍan x wayawya gi temsirt tanejrumt ;
• Aferrez-nneɣ jar yisem d ufriz ittwala isem maknaw d aferdis umi ɣar tamagit tban ɣar wudem-ines, maca ittwala afriz maknaw d aferdis i das- itticcen tifraz i wudem n yisem.
• Afriz n Tmaziɣt, am qqaԑ tiwacunin tinetlayin, isskan ɣar tefraz n waddad niɣ n uklu niɣ n tmamekt niɣ n twila niɣ n telɣa niɣ n tmust…, s uya i tteḥdajjant tefraz-a wi dasent ɣa yafen ci n tesnawayt (classification, تصنيف) tsegged g uswir n tseḍwin n tefraz-a ;
• Aḥdajji n tefraz-a n yefrizen i tesnawayt tsegged, itteḥdajja s yixf-ines ijj usersi d amsegged i tmagit n kul tifrezt ḥuma ad zag-s nessers anawen n yefrizen gi Tmaziɣt.
• Asersi-ya n tmagit i kul tifrezt isbezzaz axezzer gi tmukrist n tesnawayt i ɣa isseɣlin ɣar dixel-ines tiseḍwin timseggdin n tefraz n ufriz ;
• Asegged-nneɣ i tesnawayt n tefraz izemmer ad aneɣ-iwc axezzer isegged ɣar wanawen n ufriz, minzi ttafeɣ ur ɣur-neɣ bu ci n ubrid ɣar wanawen n ufriz bla tifraz s yixf-nsent manis dd-ittagem tuzrift-ines tanermust.

1. Afriz gi Tmaziɣt n Arif : tasnawayt n tefraz.

Tikermin i tannayin-a i daneɣ-dd-iqqimen zeg umrara i nga ag umerzu J. Zzubeԑ, nettwala ad nessers ict tesnawayt i tefraz n yefrizen i nebḍa x tseḍwin-a s wadday :

• Tifraz tilɣanin : netnint d tifraz ig ikessin talɣa d twila maknaw d tazaɣart miz ferrzent talɣa x tenneɣni niɣ tawila x tenneɣni (azegrar, aquḍaḍ, aqemqam, ameẓẓyan, ameqqran, aḍewwar…).
• Tifraz tifekkanin : netnint d tifraz ig ikessin iferdisen n tfekka maknaw d tazaɣart tamabant miz sskanen ɣar ufgan niɣ ɣar umuddir, nferrez deg yefrizen-a jar yefrizen ifraren ig isskanen nican ɣar tmust niɣ ɣar waddad n uferdis n tfekka (aḥiḍar, aderɣal, aẓiẓun, aḍehcur, azeḥwal, aqejdaḥ…), d yefrizen uddisen ig issexdamen tazelɣa n wagla (bu, m, ayt, ist, suyt) ag uɣezdis n usexdem i yisem n uferdis n tfekka (muberԑus, bumeẓẓuɣen, bubeԑkil, migenfiren…), niɣ ɣar telɣa minzeg ittwassen ci n uferdis n tfekka (muxbuc [s unamek n “muḥeccun”], buẓedjaḍ [s unamek n “buqellaw”]…).
• Tifraz tiklanin : netnint d tifraz ig ikessin iklan (ikuluren) maknaw d tazaɣart tamabant miz sskanen ɣar tmagit taklant n ci n wudem (azeggʷaɣ, awraɣ, azegza, acehbar, aqerqac, aberqac, aberkan…).
• Tifraz tinamusin : netnint d tifraz ig ikessin tamust d waddad maknaw d tazaɣart miz sskanent ɣar ci n wudem (asebḥan, aԑeffan, amehluk…).

Gi min iqqnen ɣar yefrizen i nettegg i yewdan, nettwala ad nernu tifraz nneɣni ig issexdamen iserwisen maknaw d tifraz miz ssk  anent ɣar ci n wudem, uxa d amya i ɣa nini qa llant tefraz nneɣni, netnint d :

• Tifraz tinmuddirin : netnint d tifraz i dd-ittagmen tuzrift-nsent tamefrazt zeg yesmawen n yimuddiren d yiferdisen tfekka n umuddir niɣ zi tmust n umuddir niɣ zi ci n tefrezt nneɣni zi tefraz miz nessen imuddiren (buqicc, m tfanẓa, mucekrud, bucekrud, izem, uhar, buharru, aɣyul…).
• Tifraz timuranin : netnint d tifraz i dd-ittagmen tuzrift-nsent tamefrazt zeg yisem n ddcar niɣ taqbilt niɣ tamdint niɣ tamnaḍt niɣ awanek mani ɣar tteqqnen yewdan (abeqquy, aweryaɣel, aqelԑi, utuzin, agzennay, utemsaman, arifi, ameɣrabi, adzayri, afransis…).
• Tifraz tinwacunin : netnint d tifraz i dd-ittagmen tuzrift-nsent tamefrazt zeg yesmawen n yibabaten niɣ tiyemmatin niɣ lejdud niɣ tiḥennatin niɣ igerramen niɣ ireqqasen mani ɣar tteqqnen yewdan (uԑmar [zi teẓwart n Ԑmar], afaḍmiw [zi teẓwart n Faḍma], amuḥmuḥ [zi teẓwart n Mmuḥ n Mmuḥ, afriz-a n Imuḥmuḥen illa d isem n twacunt ɣar Yiqelԑiyen], aԑisawi [zeg ureqqas Ԑisa], amareksi [zeg yenni iḍeffren axerras Markes]…).
• Tifraz tizzulanin : netnint d tifraz i dd ittagmen tuzrift-nsent tamefrazt zeg yesmawen n lexdayem i tteggen yewdan niɣ leḥwayej i znuzan (bu tḥanut, buleḥdid, buleqcuԑ, bu tmellalin, bu llixiya…).
• Tifraz timasɣanin : netnint d tifraz i dd-ittagmen tuzrift-nsent tamefrazt zeg yesmawen n yesɣanen miz ttamnen yewdan (ameslem, amasiḥi, uday, abudi, ahindusi…).

• Anawen n ufriz :

Tikermin i tmewca-nneɣ n tesnawayt n tefraz manis dd-nessufuɣ ifrizen, nzemmer ad nefrez deg wanawen n ufriz jar waṭṭas n wanawen i nebḍa s tmamekt i dd-yusan s wadday :

• Afriz alɣan : netta d afriz i dd ittagmen tamagit-ines tamefrazt zi tefraz tilɣanin (azegrar, aquḍaḍ, aqemqam, ameẓẓyan, ameqqran, aḍewwar…).
• Afriz afekkan : netta d afriz i dd-ittagmen tamagit-ines tamefrazt zi tefraz tifekkanin (aḥiḍar, aderɣal, aẓiẓun, aḍehcur, azeḥwal, aqejdaḥ, muberԑus, bumeẓẓuɣen, bubeԑkil, migenfiren, muxbuc, buẓedjaḍ…).
• Afriz aklan : netta d afriz i dd-ittagmen tamagit-ines tamefrazt zi tefraz tiklanin (azeggʷaɣ, awraɣ, acehbar, aqerqac, aberqac, aberkan…).
• Afriz anamus : netta d afriz i dd-ittagmen tamagit-ines tamefrazt zi tefraz tinamusin (asebḥan, aԑeffan, amehluk…).
• Afriz amuran : netta d afriz i dd-ittagmen tamagit-ines tamefrazt zi tefraz timuranin (abeqquy, aweryaɣel, aqelԑi, utuzin, agzennay, utemsaman, arifi, ameɣrabi, adzayri, afransis…).
• Afriz anwacun : netta d afriz i dd-ittagmen tamagit-ines tamefrazt zi tefraz tinwacunin (uԑmar [zi teẓwart n Ԑmar], afaḍmiw [zi teẓwart n Faḍma], amuḥmuḥ [zi teẓwart n Mmuḥ n Mmuḥ, afriz-a n Imuḥmuḥen illa d isem n twacunt ɣar Yiqelԑiyen], aԑisawi [zeg ureqqas Ԑisa], amareksi [zeg yenni iḍeffren axerras Markes]…).
• Afriz azzulan : netta d afriz i dd-ittagmen tamagit-ines tamefrazt zi tefraz tizzulanin (bu tḥanut, bulzḥdid, buleqcuԑ, bu tmellalin, bu llixiya…).
• Afriz amasɣan : netta d afriz i dd-ittagmen tamagit-ines tamefrazt zi tefraz timasɣanin (ameslem, amasiḥi, uday, abudi, ahindusi…).

Tagrayt :

Nettaweḍ ad nenfalal zi temyadast i nga i unamek anetlay n ufriz (niɣ “afris”) miz nuweḍ ad nesban aremmus-ines deg yiger asnilas – asnetlay ; asbani-ya i nga i tmagit tanermust n ufriz d netta i daneɣ issiwḍen ad nermes mliḥ tifraz manis dd-ttagment tamagit-nsent tamefrazt, uxa d amya i daneɣ-issiweḍ uremmes n tefraz-a ad asent-negg tasnawayt i daneɣ-issiwḍen s yixf-ines ad nferrez jar wanawen msebḍan ɣar ufriz.

G uneggaru, nettwala ixef-nneɣ ԑad ittxessa-aneɣ ad nessiriw axezzer-nneɣ ɣar uferdis-a anejrum, minzi mala nuweḍ gi temyadast-a d tesnawayt-a ad nessiwel x ufriz maknaw netta d aferdis anejrum, maca qa ԑad ittraja-aneɣ ad nessiwel x ufriz maknaw netta d ijjen zeg yesmilen ideslanen mix tbedd temsirt tanejrumt tamaziɣt, uxa d manaya s yixf-ines i ɣa nẓer gi terzutin d tɣuriwin d temyadasin i ɣa negg gi min dd-igguren n wakud.