Ttuɣa ixes ad igg umari Abriṭani George Orwell bnaqes, wer isrusi aḍris n “1984” ɣer imeẓragen n “Secker & Warburg” di Lundun deg wass n 04 dujenbir n 1948. Awerni merra manaya, wer das-yeεjib ca min yura amenni.
Deg ijjen tebrat-nnes, iggernez x udlis-a nni yura akked imeddukal-nnes : “D ijjen uxerres iknan, i dayi-iffɣen d aferyaḍ”, amen iccetka i ijjen zzag-sen. “Wer ittili ca d aberkan anict uya qaε mli ttuɣa wer hlikeɣ”, d netta issawal ɣer ijjen umeddukel-nnes nniḍen.
Yenna i Fredreic Warburg, ijjen zeg imeccerkuten n umeẓrag : « Wer ttwiliɣ ca ila a zzag-s immenz ca aṭṭas ».
Mala adlis-nnes amezwaru, Afitar n imudar (1945) issidef-d ca n 12 000 n ijunihen isterlinen deg wakud wami immut, ḥaca ungal n “1984” deg useggas n (1949), min xef inna ila d ijjen wungal “wer dag-s min ɣa ixzer ḥedd”, yewwi-as-d ca n 500 n ijunihen isterlinen waha.
“Orwel yura ungal-nnes ameggaru d netta tuɣ-it tfeqqeεt. Deg wakud-a ; ttuɣa qaε wer t-yecqi ad ittwassen udlis, anict i ttuɣa yelha aked tebrat-nnes i ixes ad issiweḍ », d aya i yenna ubuɣaw d umari José Roberto de Castro Neves, amari n temssizwarut n 1984 (Nova Fronteira, 2021).
Aked uyenni, irni inna ubuɣaw-a : “Deg ijjen tḥajit am ta ittemεawaden, ttbanen-d iwdan s wul ifeḍlen, tthuddan x tlelli. Ca n twalatin, ttakkʷaḍen ɣer min xsen – xmi tili taɣerma tetteεqab s tindeffert. Ass-a, amaḍal d ccihed x ijjen girra, aked uḥewwes n Ukraniya. Amɣar n tmurt timḥewwest yenna, ila di tmurt-nnes, awal n ‘girra’ wer nzemmer a t-nessxdem, mamec ula d ijjen ma iɣall ad ikritika lεesker-nnes. Di tmurt-a, 1984 maci ḥa d lexyal waha, maca d tidett. Aya i d-immalen maɣer adlis-a εad ittelqaf-aneɣ”.
Maca qa din tidett-nniḍen
Zzman inna-aneɣ ila George Orwell, s llqeb n Eric Arthur Blair, yexḍa deg wawal-nnes x udlis-nnes i yura. Qell seg ijjen useggʷas, izzenz ca n 50 000 n umeknaw di Briṭanya-tameqqrant d 170 000 deg Umarikan.
Rebεa usebεin useggas zeg wami i d-iffeɣ, ass n 08 yunyu 1949, ittsiɣa ittban-d x lista n best-sellers. Ad yili lexxu iwweḍ ad ittwasterjem ɣer 65 n yelsawen, immenz zzag-s ca n 100 n mlyun n umknaw.
Di yennayer n 2017, timezznza-nnes zemment ijjen luεla iwwḍen 9500% deg Umarikan. Mayemmi ? Minzi inna Sean Spicer, amessiwel s yisem n taddart tamellalt, ila ficta i zi igeεεed Donald Trump εemmer-s wer tteḍfiren anict uyenni n yewdan deg umezruy. Sseqsan Kellyanne Conway ma ineɣmisen-a s tidett, ameggaru-ya i ttuɣa yellan d anessfaw-nnes deg wakud-nni, wer yenkir ca min inna umeddukel-nnes, maca di twalat d icten issiwel x ijjen “tidett-nniḍen”.
Deg udlis n Orwell, deg uxarres ayugan iqqaren ila ixess a neqbel tnayen n tɣilitin icten teccat di tenneḍni. Niɣ, amec inna umari s ixef-nnes, “ini ixarriqen, amen-iten di twalat d icten”.
Amari Ronaldo Bressane, wenn yuran tamessizwarut n tunɣilt n Tordesilhas, yenna : “Aṭṭas n yewdan ttɣilen ila 1984 injeḥ deg Umarikan minzi ttuɣa ittekritika tacuyuεit. Aya maci d tidett. Netta d akritiki i tetuṭalitarit”.
Kul simana, ittsajja-d uwzir n ikunumi, Paulo Guedes, iqqar ila Braẓil yeggur “ad iqelleε”. Maca, ikunumiyen qqaren-d ijjen wawal-nniḍen bla wenni n uwzir.
“Taynit n ‘Fake news’, amek yeqqar Bressane, ad saqaren ijjen tḥajit, ijjen lxezrat ɣer dduniyt, ḥma iwdan ittexsen tanbaḍt d ifaciyen ad amnen di ca n ḥajet i εemmers a tuqeɛ, ijjen tidett-nniḍen”.
Ɛemmers wer ɣriɣ ca n udlis issaggʷad am wa
Amezwaru-nsen i yexsen ungal n 1984 d Warburg s ixef-nnes. Yenna : “Ɛemmers wer ɣriɣ ca n udlis issaggʷad am wa”.
Alaḥsab abyugraf Bernard Crick i yuran adlis n “George Orwell : A life (1980)”, aqqa d Warburg min ɣer ttuɣa axarres-nni ad ibeddel azwel ɣer ijjen nniḍen ḥma ad immenz mliḥ. Mli jjin ad yexḍar Orwell azwel, ataf 1984 ad yili s uzwel n “Argaz ameggaru n Uruppa”.
Wer issin ḥedd mayemmi Orwell ixḍar azwel n 1984. Din wi iqqaren ila netta ixes ad iqleb nnumrawat n useggʷas n 1948, aseggʷas i di yesmed tira n udlis.
Zeg ijjen uɣezdis-nneḍni, yeqqar Dorian Lynskey deg udlis n (The Ministry of Truth – A Biography of 1984, the Novel by George Orwell (Companhia das Letras, 2021)) ila: “Ixess lebda a nɣer, a nεawed a nɣer ungal n 1984. Isrusa umeɣri zzat i uberwi, immal-d mani izemmer a daneɣ-issiweḍ manaya”.
“Yesmed Winston Smith tḥajit am ijjen baryinti, maca yebda ad icrek deg ibekkiḍen i ttuɣa ittegg Big Brother. Orwell wer ittari ca x mayen yellan yesbeḥ niɣ iεuffen. Iqqar ila neccin nzemmer ad nili s tnayen deg ijjen twalat, maca nzemmer a nixḍar a nili sadu i lmexzen niɣ i ca n tedyulujit niɣ a nennzbi a nemkabar”.
S tutra n Orwell, imeknawen imezwura ttwasqaden i Aldous Huxley, aselmad n Tefransist di tinmel n Eton n Tenglinzit.
Deg ijjen tebrat, amari n « Meilleur des mondes » (1932) yegga tasizwart n 1984 : “Wer zemmreɣ a dawem-iniɣ anict adlis-a d asebḥan s taynit d tameqqrant”. Aya i yura di 21 Kṭuber 1949.
Wenn ittkunṭrulan min yeɛdan ittkunṭrula imal
1984 d aseggʷas mani tettemsar tḥajit. Amaḍal ibḍa x tlata n tmura d timeqqranin. Niɣ, amek i das-itteεjib i Orwell, tlata n sennej-ddewlat. Din Usaniya, Urasiya d Istasiya.
Baryinti n tḥajit, d ijjen uxeddam ttsemman-t Winston Smith, ittedder deg Usaniya, tenni tameqqrant jer tlata-nni. Zzag-sen Tageldit-imunen (UK), Marikan, Ukyanusiya, Afrika n yeffus d tnayen n tmura tiruppawiyin : Islanda d Irlanda.
Urasiya dag-s Uruppa amen tekmel (a nekkes tageldit-imunen, d Islanda d Irlanda), d uzgen ameqqran n Rusya d ijjen uzgen d ameqqran zeg Asiya. Istasiya dag-s azgen ameqqran n Wasiya, am Ccinwa, Jappun, d Kuriya d uzgen ameqqran n Lhend d ca n tmura tijiratin.
Winston Smith, 39 iseggusa, ittedder di Lundun, tamaẓunt n uhekku amezwaru, ttuɣa tettwassen s yisem n Briṭaniya-tameqqrant. Ixeddem deg icten zi rebεa-nni n tewzirin : tawzirt n tidett, ɣer daxel i tzuni n warraten. X wudem n lebni uran ca n wawalen n lḥizeb : “girra d wafra”, “tilelli d tissumɣa” d “taqubbanit d taqsuḥi”.
Lxedmet-nnes xmi ittεawad tira i umezruy alaḥsab wudem amaddud n lḥizeb. Maḥend ad tegged, ittzewwer arraten. “wenn ittkunṭrulan min iɛdan ittkunṭrula imal, wenn ittkunṭrulan amilan ittkunṭrula izri“, d aya i nzemmer a nɣer deg udlis-a.
Tlata n tewzirin-nniḍen d : Afra, timexsa d uberreε. Amezwaru ittbedda x girra, wis tnayen ittcekkam x inamuren d wis tlata ittkunṭrula ikunumi.
Di tḥajit amen tekmel, Winston Smith ittegg tnayen n ifayuten imeqqranen mala walu : Ittari deg ijjen uɣemmis, ittxes Julia, i yellan d ijjen tesmunt-nnes di lexdmet. Ijjen wass, axeddam n tnafut n wungalen isqada i Winston ijjen tewriqt dag-s ijjen tebrat tettreddaj : « ttexseɣ-cem ». Wah, afekker d tmexsa deg Usaniya. Xenni, Winston d Julia ttadfen deg ijjen umussu n tnezbayt tufurt, tawmat.
Wenn itteḥkamen deg Usaniya, amɣar n lḥizeb, Big Brother, i yettwalan, ittkunṭrula kulci. Deg izubaq n temdint, di tewriqin i daneɣ-ittfekkren zzag-s lebda : « Big Brother iḥeṭṭa-ac ! ɣer daxel i tudrin, deg iḍrisen ixeddmen lebda di ttlibizyu d lkamirat n uḥeṭṭu.
Din n tnayen n tudmawin-nniḍen : O’Brien, ijjen ixeddmen di tenbaḍt idewlen iɣennes di tenzbayt, d Emmanuel Goldstein, ijjen i ttuɣa yellan di lḥizeb idewlen zi lmuεaraḍa. Aṭṭas n imrezzuten qqaren ila Big Brother isfekkara s Josef Staline d Goldstein s Léon Trotsky.
« Ttwaliɣ ila anaw-a n wegdud iqqseḥ ad yili deg yimal », D aya i yeqqar Orwell deg 1949, « maca nec ssneɣ ila aya izemmer ad yuqeε ». Xenni, ijebbed ameẓẓuɣ i midden : « Aqqa tatutaliṭarit mala wer tt-nkunṭruli tzemmer ad terni mani mma ».
Ijjen am Richard Bradford, wenn yuran adlis n ‘Orwell – A Man of Our Time (Tordesillas, 2020) yenna « idlisen n Orwell ttɣiman lebda ttwassnen minzi yettwala ila isistimen inebḍanen la n yeẓẓelmeḍ d ufusi, am ijjen imizi d ameqqran ».
Di tnayen-a n idlisen yettwassnen am « La révolution animale » d « 1984 » immel-d mamec ixess isitimen wer ten-nettegg ca x yiri n imezdaɣ. Mala yewdan tetticed-asen « tnayen n iɣembab », niɣ umi neqqar « fake news », Orwell da, ɣer-s lḥeqq.
Wer shekkʷi bu ifassen-nnec. D cekk i ɣa yeggen abrid i yixef-nnec
Deg wartikel n « Why I write » deg useggʷas n 1946, Orwell ixezzer ɣer tira am ijjen umeggay « yeqqseḥ », « isekkef bnadem », yegga am « ijjen lehlak ismerrat ». Deg udlis n « 1984 » ttuɣa ixess-as tlata n iseggusa ḥma ad yesmed adlis-a.
Mamec i d-yeksi zeg idlisen-nniḍen am H.G. Wells, amari n idlisen n lexyal am « macina n wakud (1895) », « Aterras wer ittbinen (1897) », d « amenɣi n imaḍlanen (1898) », d udlis n Neccin (1920) i yura umari Arusi Yevguêni Zamiátin.
Ijjen uzgen d ameqqran n wungal n 1984 ittwari x tegzirt n Jura, di Skutlanda, x ijjen taddart n Barnhill. Ddcar i das-yudsen qqaren-as Ardlussa iggʷej x-as s 11 n ikilumiṭren.
Di firma-nni, Orwell ttuɣa ittrebba tiyaẓiḍin, itteẓẓu lxuḍret, igemmer tiqnanniyin. Ca n twalatin isbedda lxedmet-nnes ḥma ad ittnhella di seḥḥet-nnes. Ttuɣa tetteṭṭef-it tmessi d tusut. Ca n twalatin ttuɣa ittxess-as ad iraḥ ɣer Spiṭar n Hairmyres i yudsen i Glasgow. « Danita kulci ittneεniε mɣar nec », d wa d acetki-nnes wami yejja tagzirt twalat tameggarut di 09 yennayer 1949.
Am merra imariten, ila ɣer-s « tibbuhlya »-nnes. Am ca n twalatin, ad yebda yettεawad tira i ca n igeṭṭumen aṭṭas n twalatin. Aked abarru n useggem, ar mani dewlent tudmawin-nnes wer nzemmer ad tent-nɣer.
Ameknaw tawinest tamezwarut n ungal n 1984, umi iεawed tira xirebbi n twalatin. Yebda s « Ttuɣa-t d ijjen wass yesmeḍ, dag-s asemmiḍ, di beddu n wayyur n wabril, imelyunen n arradyawat ittsunan ɣer tseεεet n waḥit n uzil.», ikemmel s « ttuɣa-t d ijjen wass n abril isemḍen ifawen, d tseεεatin qqarent aqqa d waḥit n uzil ».
Wami i t-weyyen ɣer spiṭar, iwessa ila mala yemmut, izemmimen-nnes ixess-asen ad ttwareddjen.
Aya seg ijjen qama n spiṭar mani Orwell yegga ijjen usiweḍ d ameẓẓyan i midden di 15 yunyu 1949 : « Min xseɣ ad iniɣ zeg ungal-a inu, i yeggin am ijjen umxentis, wer ttejjat bu manaya ad yuqeε. Kulci x-awem i ibedd. »
Ttuɣa yeggur ad rẓeɣ ttlibizyu s ijjen ufḍis
Netta xelli amenni ttuɣa wer ittxes ca aṭṭas 1984, zzay-s i yura i umari d usinarist Sidney Sheldon, yenna-as ma ungal-a wer izemmer ad yili d amezgun ḥsen. Aya wer iwwi ɣer mani.
Orwell, ila yehlek s matca, yemmut George Orwell di 21 yennayer 1940, x 46 n useggʷas, sbeεchur awerni umi i d-iffeɣ ungal n 1984. Wer yeddir ca aṭṭas ḥma ad iẓer udem amesliẓri n udlis-nnes i ttuɣa yettwafsren di 21 dujembir 1954.
Afilem-a amesliẓri yura-t Nigel Kneale, yessufeɣ-it-id Rudolph Cartier, Winston smith ixdem x-as Peter Cushing.
imeẓra wer dasen-iεjib ca min ẓrin. Laɣan-dd ɣer BBC, ijjen zzag-sen yenna-asen « Mala yimal ad yili ammu, itif-ayi ad tciɣ azellif-inu deg uferran n lgaz ». Ijjen nniḍen yura-asen : « Manaya d aεeffan aṭṭas, ttuɣa yeggur ad rẓeɣ ttlibizyu s ijjen ufḍis ».
Ca zzag-sen εawed bdan ttlaɣan ɣer taddart n George Orwell. Maca wer ssinen ca ila min d-yeεdan x BBC maci d netta i t-yuran, tamɣart-nnes, Elizabeth tura i jjurnal n Daily Mirror : « εafakut, init-asen i midden, aqqa maci d argaz-inu i yuran ayenni teẓrim di ttlibizyu ».
Tiggʷdi-nneɣ ttemrusant-id x wass ameggaru xmi ɣa tuqa dduniyt
Aked wakud, 1984 yedwel d ijjen zeg idlisen imeqqranen i yettwarin di lqern n 20. Ma ameknaw idlisen, am The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) n tmarit takanadit Margaret Atwood, niɣ am isedditen am Black Mirror (2011) n usinarist Anglizi Charlie Brooker.
Axmi Orwell, yefhem zeitgeist (buḥbel n wakud) n awerni i umseksi d isuraf imezwaru d adaf ɣer umseski asemmaḍ, maca di twalat d icten issers iḍuḍan-nnes x lehlak n wakud-nneɣ : Ijjen wamun ibbullεen deg uḥeṭṭu n wemdan d tudert n bnadem traḥ, tirart n midyia s tidett d leḥkam iqesḥen, merra manaya ittic-aneɣ ijjen ufuṭu d miriw x lhimmet d taynit i yella ixess ad as-newwec i tira n Orwell.
Tala: BBC